-09_Glossary and Index Page 67 to 80.htm

Celt one who speaks a Celtic language (Gaelic, Welsh, or Breton), or who derives his ancestry from an area where a Celtic language is, or recently was spoken, that is, a person from Ireland, the Scottish Hebrides and Highlands, the Isle of Man, Wales, Cornwall, or Brittany. The ancient Celts were a people first identified early in the 2nd millennium BC in southwestern Germany and eastern France. They dominated western and central Europe through about half of the 1st millennium BC, and were important in the development of a specifically European civilization. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) Der:

Celtic; Celticised 1:23, 525-26, 559 2:108, 298, 379, 383 3:67-69, 291 9:42, 47-51, 54, 56, 63, 83, 86, 91, 110, 124-25, 136, 156-58, 187, 229, 237, 287, 534 10:24-25, 183.555, 571 11:506 14: 397-98 15:86, 268, 299, 305, 348, 494, 521 16:310 17:180, 196, 244, 295 20:428 II: 14 III: 29 IV: 161 X: 141 XIII: 23 XV: 5 XVI: 182

Celtic-Hellenic a combination of Celtic and Hellenic, 16:225 Celtic-Latin of, or influenced by, both Celtic and Latin, 15:305 Cenci a closet drama by Shelley, written in 1820. (Col. Enc.) 9:74, 529 Centaur(s) a fabulous tribe of wild, beastlike monsters, having the upper part of a human being and the lower part of a horse. They live in the woods or mountains of Elis, Arcadia, and Thessaly. They are represen. tative of wild life, animal desires, and barbarism. (M.I.) Der: Centauresses a 5: 498, 543 27:159 29:419, 447

Central America narrow strip of land between North America proper and the Isthmus of Panama, which separates the continent from South America. The term generally applies to five republics, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Salvador, and Belize (a self-governing British colony); Panama is often included. (Col. Enc.) D 15:378, 503 26:395

Central Hindu College former educational institution located in Benares (Varanasi) in Uttar Pradesh, India. Founded by Mrs. Annie Besant as a school, it gradually developed into a college and was ultimately merged into the Benares Hindu University in 1916. It was a fairly successful attempt at rescuing education in India from subservience to foreign and petty ends. (A.H.I.; Enc.Ind.;A) a 1:717, 719 17:210 Central Provinces abbreviated as C. P., name of an Indian province under British rule, occupying a central position in the country. After independence (1947), the region became the major portion of the province

of Madhy a Pradesh. 1:584, 590-91, 645 2:172, 329 4:238 26:410 27:40, 42-43, 54

Century of Life, The or The Century of Morals, Sri Aurobindo’s translation (a free rendering) in English verse of Nitishataka (a Sanskrit poem by Bhartrihari), first published in 1924. "The Century of Morals", a more literal translation of the Sanskrit title, was Sri Aurobindo’s first title for his translation. (A) 8:157, 159 1:24, 26, 28

Century of Passion title, translated into English by Sri Aurobindo, of a Sanskrit poem by Bhartrihari of about a hundred maxims, Srngdra-sataka. 1:28-29 Century of World-Disgust title, translated into English by Sri Aurobindo, of a Sanskrit poem by Bhartrihari, Vairagya-sataka. a 1:27

Cepheus a character king of Syria (a country of romance) in Sri Aurobindo’s play Perseus the Deliverer. In Greek legend, Cepheus is described as king of Ethiopia. (A) 6:1, 3, 25, 27, 43-49, 51, 53-54, 59-64, 97, 100-04, 106-07, 111, 115, 118, 124, 132-37, 142-43, 147, 149, 165-67, 171-73, 175-76, 182-86, 189-92, 196-201 Cerberus in Greek mythology, a threeheaded dog with a mane and a tail of snakes. He guarded the entrance to Hades. The honey cake which the Greeks buried with the dead was to placate Cerberus. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) 7:856, 858, 870, 878

Cervantes Miguel de Cervantes (Saavedra) (1547-1616), novelist, playwright, and poet, the creator of Don Quixote, and the most important figure in Spanish literature. (Enc. Br.) 1:7 Cestus in Greek and Roman mythology, a girdle belonging to Aphrodite, which gave whoever wore it the power to excite love. (Web.) 5:450

Ceylon an island country, now called Sri Lanka, located off the southeast coast of the Indian peninsula. It has had from antiquity close cultural ties with India and has been known in Indian literature by various names (e.g. SINGHAL-) in different ages. (D. I. H.) 14:187, 241 Ch. See Champaklal

Chabrias a character a villager or townsman in Sri Aurobindo’s play Perseus the Deliverer, a 6:3, 115-16, 119, 121-22, 124

Chacrodave (Chakradeva) in the Mahabharata, a great hero among the Vrishnis. 8:43 Chadwick, J. A. See Arjava

Chaitanya also known as Gauranga (1485/6-1533/4), Hindu mystic, a Vaishnava devotee, whose mode of worshipping Lord Krishna with ecstatic song and dance had a profound effect on Vaishnavism in Bengal. He neither organized a sect nor wrote any works on theology; but his simple life of intense religious emotion proved at once the source and impetus of a great religious movement. Chaitanya was considered an incarnation of Krishna even during his lifetime. His original name was Nimai Pandit; he was born at Nadia in GAUDA (presently Bengal). (Enc. Br.; Ch. Ch.) Var: Gouranga  1:147, 646, 699, 852-53 2:13 3:110, 375, 461 4:143, 153 8:383 9:425 13:12, 154 14:21, 66, 132, 187, 193, 315, 318, 320 16:430 22:79, 82, 85-87, 91-92, 94-95, 407-08, 417-21, 427 23:529.553, 768 24:1475 25:78 26:115, 118-20, 134-35 VII: 8.20 IX: 29 XVIII: 163

Chaitanya a three-act play in English written by Dilip Kumar Roy, who sent it to Sri Aurobindo for his comments at the beginning of 1950. (A) 9:426-27

Chaitanya Charitamrita the most important biography of Chaitanya, written (c. 1581) by Krishnadas Kaviraj, who was born in the district of Burdwan (Bengal) in 1517. (Dow.;Gaz.II) a 9:426

Chaitanyaloka the world of Consciousness (Tapas); another name forTapoloka. (I&G) 17:29

Chaitra the first month of the year in the Hindu calendar (but the last in the Bengali calendar). It falls in the spring season (March-April). 8:319

Chaka also spelled Shaka or Tshaka (c. 1787-1828), founder of southern Africa’s Zulu Empire; he was the renowned chieftain who created a fighting force that devastated the entire region. (Enc. Br., under Shaka) 111:29

Chakkarai, V. a writer who contributed a prose poem to the second number of the magazine Shama’a, which Sri Aurobindo reviewed in Arya. (A) 17:319

Chakrabarti, Jadunath a Bengali writer who contributed an article to the monthly magazine Suprabhat (1st issue of the 3rd year of publication). (A) 3:432

Chakrabarti, Shyamsunder See Chakravarti, Shyam Sundar

Chakraborty, S. S. See Chakravarti, Shyam Sundar

Chakravarti, Byomkesh (1855-1929), respected barrister and industrialist, and also a prominent political worker from the days of the Swadeshi movement in the early years of the 20th century. He was a member of the Congress, his activities were generally confined to Bengal, and he was wedded to a policy of constitutional agitation. (D.N.B.) 4:286

Chakravarti, Gopala author of a commentary on Chandi, a short name of the title DeviMdhatmya. (A) 17:267

Chakravarti, Shyam Sundar (1869-1932), Indian nationalist writer and speaker, a member of the editorial staff of Bande Mataram. A master of the English language, he caught up something of Sri Aurobindo’s style. Earlier, he had started Pratibesi, a Bengali weekly, and the People and Pratibesi, an English daily which ultimately merged with Sandhya. He was for some time also associated with the Karmayogin’ and Amrita Bazar Patrika. In December 1908 he was arrested and deported to Burma. After his release, he joined the Bengalee in 1913 as sub-editor. He was arrested again in 1914 and 1922. (A; P.T.I.; D.N.B.) Var:

Chakrabarti (or -borty, or -varty), Shyamsunder (or S.S.); Shyam Babu; Sham Babu 1:81, 855 2:.22 4:257 26:28, 44, 59 27:451, 455, 461

Chakravarti, Suresh (Chandra) (c. 18851954), also called Moni, one of the earliest disciples of Sri Aurobindo. He arrived in Pondicherry four days before Sri Aurobindo (on 31 March 1910) to make arrangements for his stay here. He, along with Nolini, earned a reputation in Pondicherry as an excellent football player. Moni was also a good writer in Bengali. Except for brief visits to Bengal, he remained in Pondicherry until his death. Sri Aurobindo often refers to him as "M" in the Record of Yoga. (Purani;

P.T.I. ;Remini.) Var: Chakravarty, — a 26:57, 61-63 27:482-83 VII: 6-7, 10, 19, 23 XIX: 27, 29 XX: 148 XXI: 3. 19, 34, 58

Chakravarty See Chakravarti

Chaldea Chaldea proper is the southernmost portion of the valley of the Tigris and the Euphrates. Sometimes, as in the Bible, the term is extended to include Babylonia; Chaldea then comprises all South Mesopotamia. The name is derived from the people who invaded the region in the 11th century BC, and the restored kingdom of Babylonia is sometimes called the Chaldean Empire. (Col. Enc.) Der:

Chaldean(s) D 2:34 6:3, 16-17, 28, 48, 87, 91, 93, 97-98, 103, 105-06, 108-09, 112-13, 118-19, 124, 131-32, 135-37, 139-40, 143, 149, 188 10:23, 25, 30 11:4 15:347 16:309, 406 17:195 20:428 XVI: 186 Chaleidice typographical error for Chaleidice, peninsula of northeast Greece, projecting into the Aegean Sea from southeast Macedonia, and ending in the three promontories of Pallone, Sithonia and Acte. (Col. Enc.; M.I.) 5:419

Chalukyas name of two ancient Indian dynasties. The Western Chalukyas ruled as emperors in the Deccan from 543 to 757 and again from 975 to 1189. The Eastern Chalukyas ruled in Vengi (in eastern Andhra Pradesh) from c. 624 to c. 1070. (Enc. Br.) 15:264

Chamber of Deputies the lower of the two legislative chambers or second house of the national Parliament in France, Italy, and other countries. The first French Chamber of Deputies was established in 1814. (Enc. Am.) a 1:30

Chambers(‘s Dictionary) Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary, edited by A. M. Macdonald and published by W & R Chambers Ltd., Edinburgh, Scotland. Q 26:318-19, 322, 324-26

Champaklal (1903), a disciple of Sri Aurobindo who long served as his personal attendant. Born in Patan (Gujarat), he came to Pondicherry first in 1921 and finally in 1923. He says, "I came here with the object of God-realisation. Here I found the stress on Transformation. Very soon, however, both receded and service took hold of my being entirely." Some time after the passing of the Mother he took a vow of silence which he has kept ever since. [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Chamunda an epithet of KALI’, an aspect or form of Parvati (Pur. Enc., p. 374). Parvati (or Gauri) plucked her matted hair and flung it to the ground and from there arose the fierce form ofCamunda, "very violent and wearing a necklace of human skulls". In that form she killed the two Asura brothers Canda and Munda. (Pur. Enc.) n IV: 174

Chanakya (fl. 300 BC) , celebrated Indian statesman and philosopher, also called Visnugupta, or Kautilya, the latter name believed to be the pen-name under which he wrote his classic treatise on polity Arthasastra, a compilation of almost everything that had been written in India up to his time on "artha"

(property, economics or material success). Chanakya was the chief minister of Chandragupta Maurya, and a great master of finesse and artifice. (Enc. Br. under Kautilya)2:337, 3983:164, 4:182 14:187, 191, 193, 372-73

Chand CandaRaya( ? -1601), one of the twelve famous zamindars of Bengal, who was eminently courageous and an adept at the art of naval battle on the inland waterways of Bengal. His capital was Sreepoor. He did not submit to Akbar and maintained his independence till the end of his life. (N.B.A.; S.B.C.) 4:129 1:21

Chandannagar See Chandernagore

Chandavarkar. Justice Sir Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar (1855-1923), a successful pleader of Bombay, who was elected president of the Congress in 1900, but gave up nationalist politics when he was appointed a judge of the Bombay High Court in 1901. He retired from the High Court in 1912 when he accepted the prime ministership of Indore. In 1914 he left Indore and re-entered the political field as a leader of the Moderates. (D.N.B.) D 2:238, 356

Chandernagore also called Chandannagar, a town of Hooghly district in Burdwan division of West Bengal state, India, on the west bank of the Hooghly River, thirty kilometres upriver from Calcutta (which is on the east bank). Settled in 1673 by the French and expanded commercially, it was captured by the English in 1757 and again in 1794. It was finally restored to France in 1815. Following the 1949 plebiscite, Chandernagore merged with India and was incorporated into Hooghly district in 1950. Sri Aurobindo stayed in Chandernagore in February-March 1910. (Enc. Br.; I & G; A & R, XVII: 109) l-l 2:pre., 413 4:pre., 291 26:36-37, 54, 56-57, 60-63, 67, 70-71, 373, 437 27:349, 417, 435, 442-44, 447-49, 453, 470-71, 474, 482, 484, 489 VII: 4, 14-15 XVI: 193 XVII: 69 XIX: 24

Chandi See Durga and Kali2

Chandi’ a Tantric scripture (Candipatha) forming an episode of the Markandeya Parana. It is a poem of 700 stanzas celebrating the goddess Durga’s victories over the Asuras. The work is also called CandlMdhdtmya or Devi-Mdhdtmya. (A; Dow.) 17:267 25:73

Chandi1 a famous Bengali poem, the full title of which is Kavikankan Chandi. Written by Mukundaram, it celebrates the greatness of the goddess Durga, and at the same time presents a very living picture of the life of the people. (A; A.H.I.) 14:320

Chandibhava the force of Kali2 manifest in the temperament; considered at an early stage of the "Record of Yoga" to be the third element of the Shakti Chatushtaya. (A &R, XXIII: 70) D [Indexed under Kali2]

Chandidas (fl. late 14th to early 15th cent.), a celebrated Vaishnava Bengali poet, an inspired singer of exquisite love-lyrics about Krishna and Radha. His love songs addressed to the washerwoman Rami were popular in the medieval period and were a source of inspiration to Vaishnava and Sahajiya religious movements that explored parallels between human and divine love. (Enc. Br.) 4:pre. 8:299, 301 14:256, 318

Chandi-Mahatmya See Chandi’ a 17:271

Chandogya See Chhandogya (Upanishad)

Chandpur river port in Comilla district of Chittagong division, Bengal (now in Bangladesh), on the east bank of the Meghna River. (Enc. Br.) 1:262 2:281

Chandra’ the moon, either as a "planet" in Hindu astronomy, or as a deity; "devatd of smrti or prajna". Very little is said about the moon in Vedic literature, except as identified with Soma, both alike being described as waxing and waning. See also Moon and Soma. (A; Dow.) Van Canda a 4:22, 24, 43, 220, 373 11:445 17: 259

Chandra2 name of a girl appearing in an automatic writing of Sri Aurobindo. [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Chandra(bali) in Hindu religion, one of the gopis (female companions of Krishna) of Vrindavan. (Gospel) Var: Chundra a 4:222 8:283 17:133

Chandrabhaga in the Mahabharata, a river of the Punjab, now called the Chenab; it is one of the five

rivers within the frontiers of which the Aryans dwelt in the beginning. (M.N.;A) Var: Chundrobhaga 5:246 27:156

Chandragupta Chandragupta Maurya (reigned c. 321-c. 297 Be), the founder of the Maurya dynasty in India. He ascended the throne of MAGADHA with the help of Chanakya. In the course of eighteen short years he became the emperor of the whole of northern India as far as the Hindu Kush mountains. His power was challenged in 305 BC by the Greek general Seleucus, but the latter was defeated and forced to conclude a humiliating peace. Seleucus also gave his daughter in marriage to Chandragupta. Chandragupta ranks among the greatest and most successful kings known to history. He fasted to death in sorrow for his faminestricken people. (Enc. Br.; D.I.H.) 1:632, 739, 769 3:199 4:98, 141 7:894 14:187, 191, 328, 372, 376 15:338, 436 17:193

Chandraloka the Lunar World, in Hindu religion, the lower part of Swarloka where the gods dwell. Its summit is Kailasa, and its basis Swarga, with Pitriloka just above Swarga. According to the Sankhya and Vedanta schools of philosophy, which recognise eight lokas or regions of material existence, Chandraloka (or Somaloka) is the third loka; it is of the moon and planets. (A; Dow.) D 11:453 12:309 11:79

Chandrashekhar a Bengali novel (1875) by Bankim Chandra. (Enc. Br.) 3:91 27:353

Chandra Vansa See Lunar Dynasty

Chandrayan vow a one-month fast in which the quantity of food taken increases and decreases with the phases of the waxing and waning moon (Chandra), beginning with one morsel on the 1st day of the bright fortnight, two on the second day, and so on, till on full-moon day the number of morsels taken rises to fifteen, after which the number decreases by one every day, ending with no food at all on Amavasya (no-moon day). (Pur. Enc.) 12:442

Chandwadkar surname of a person, probably ofNasik, who lent the carriage in which Sri Aurobindo drove from Nasik Road station to Nasik city on 24 January 1908. (A) a 1:1 Chapman‘, George (1559?-1634), English dramatist and poet whose translation of Homer remained the standard English version until modern times. His poetic version of the Iliad was completed in 1611, and of the Odyssey in 1616. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) 9:314-15, 318-19 26:254

Chapman2 an English poet and litterateur of the early 20th century who wrote articles on Indo-English poetry, 26:252

Charaka, a celebrated Hindu physician who wrote Caraka-Samhitd, an authoritative text on pathology and medicine. According to some he nourished in the 2nd century AD; according to others he belongs to the preBuddhistic period. Some even say that he lived in Vedic times. (Dow.) 1-1 26:365

Chariot of Jagannath, The See Jagannather Rath

Charlemagne Charles the Great or Charles I (c. 742-814), Prankish king (768-814) who united by conquest nearly all Christian lands of western Europe and ruled as emperor from 800 to 814. His actual achievements and prestige were of such magnitude that later generations enlarged them to fantastic proportions. Surrounded by his legendary twelve peers, he became the central figure of a cycle of romance. (Enc. Br.;Col. Enc.) D 3:454 9:61 14: 66. 193 15: 297.436, 482 16:308-09

Charleroi a municipality in Hinaut province of south central Belgium on the north bank of the Sambra river, south of Brussels. Charleroi was the scene of the first great battle of World War I (22 August 1914), which resulted in a great German victory. (Enc. Br.) (From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. ’27]

Charles’ probably, CHARLKS V. 7:862

Charles2 a character younger brother of Armand’s grandfatherin Sri Aurobindo’s story "The Door at Abelard". 7:1027

Charles I Charles I of Great Britain (1600-49), king of Great Britain and Ireland (1625-49) whose authoritarian rule during a period of rising aspirations for greater political and religious liberties provoked a civil war that led to his execution by his subjects. (Enc. Br.) 4:212 X: 148

Charles II or Charles Stuart, Charles II of Great Britain (1630-85), king of Great Britain and Ireland (1660-85). He was restored to the throne eleven years after the execution of his father Charles I. (Enc. Br.) 3:264-65 7: 1048-49 II: 13 X: 147

Charles V (1500-58), Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56) and, as Charles I, king of Spain (1516-56). He was perhaps the last emperor to attempt to realise the medieval idea of a unified empire embracing the

entire Christian world. He fought constant wars with Francis I  and Henry II of France. In 1556 he retired, assigning the imperial title to his brother Ferdinand and his hereditary possessions to his son Philip. He spent his remaining days aiding Philip procure funds for the war against France. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Charles Stewart Parnell title of a short poem by Sri Aurobindo written after the death of PARNELL in 1891. (A) a 4:pre. 5:15

Charles Stuart See Charles II

Channidas in Sri Aurobindo’s epic poem Ilion, a Hellene killed by Penthesilea. (M.I.) 5:515 Charubabu See Ray, Charu Chander

Charudeshna in the Mahabharata, a son of Krishna by Rukmini. (M.N.) 8:43 Charvak(a) name of a quasi-philosophical Indian school of materialists as well as of its founder, who rejected the notion of an afterworld, the authority of the Vedas, and the immortality of the self, and advocated materialistic doctrines and a policy of total opportunism. Although this materialistic doctrine had disappeared by the end of the medieval period, its onetime importance is confirmed by the lengthy attempts to refute it found in both Buddhist and orthodox Hindu philosophical texts. (Enc. Br.; Dow.) Der: Charvakas (followers of Charvaka) 3:222 12:6, 461, 478, 484, 510 14:103 XIV: 126

Charybdis a daughter of Poseidon and Gaea thrown into the sea off Sicily by Zeus where by swallowing and spewing water she created a whirlpool. See also Scylla & Charybdis. (Web.N.C.D.) n XXI:23

Chatalja or Catalca. a city in Turkey west of Istanbul. It was the place where the Turks succeeded in stabilising a defence line during the Second Balkan War. (Web.N.C.D., p. 1422) Var: Chataldja; Tchataldja (Russian spelling) XX: 148 XXI: 2, 93, 102

Chateaubriand, Francois Rene, vicomte de (1768-1848), French diplomat and author. He was the true founder of romanticism in France, and his prose enriched the language. His memoirs have proved to be his most enduring work. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) D 9:96, 100

Chatterjee, Bejoy Bejoy Chandra Chatterji (1879-1943), a renowned Bengali barristerat-law. He was associated with Sri Aurobindo on the editorial staff of Bande Mataram,

and was a master of the English language, with a style of his own. When, in October 1908, the financial position of Bande Mataram became untenable, Bejoy deliberately wrote an article which forced the Government to stop the journal’s publication. (S.B.C.; L. to SL; I & G; I.F.F.) n 1:81 26:28, 30, 59 27:484

Chatterjee, Ramananda (1865-1943), an eminent Indian journalist who founded the celebrated English monthly The Modern Review in 1907. Editing it with great care, he made it a complete record of important events; its commentary was enlivened by deft touches from his keenly analytical pen. He also started and edited the Bengali monthly Prabasi, and published the Hindi monthly Vishal Bharat. (D.N.B.) Var: Chatterji, —2:25 3:426, 428

Chatterjee, Satish Chandra -(1873-1938), nationalist leader of Bengal who, along with Aswin Kumar Dutt, organized the Swadeshi movement in the district of Barisal. He was a member of the local branch of ANUSILAN SAMITI, and was principal of Brajmohan College intermittently for a long period until his death. In 1908 he was deported to Burma with seven other leaders of Bengal. (A; P.T.I.; D.N.B.) 1:385 2:91

Chatterji, Amar Amarendranath Chatterjee (1880-1957). a revolutionary ofUttarapara (Bengal). In 1906 he came into contact with Sri Aurobindo, who inducted him into the revolutionary organization. Amarendranath was one of those who helped him to move from Chandernagore to Calcutta in March 1910. From that time until 1947, Amarendranath played a prominent role in the freedom movement in Bengal. While travelling incognito all over India (with the assumed name of Swami Kevalananda), as the leader of a group of sannyasins, he came to Pondicherry in the summer of 1920 or 1921 and met Sri Aurobindo at the Guest House. (D.N.B.; A & R, XVII: 113; Purani, p. 176) n XVI: 194

Chatterji, Baidyanath assistant doctor of the Alipore Jail hospital, "a personification of charity and philanthropy". He was in a way all-in-all in the hospital administration. His only failing was his excessive sympathy, which was responsible for his dismissal from service after the murder of Noren GOSSAIN. (A) 4:273-75

Chatterji, Bankim Chandra (1838-94), "the Rishi of modern Bengal". Novelist, poet, journalist, critic, and essayist, Bankim exerted a great formative influence on modern Bengali. He was a voracious reader of English fiction and a voluminous writer, versatile and vigorous. His novels include Anandamath, which contains the national song "Bande Mataram". He was foundereditor of the Bengali

journal Bangadarshan. (D.I.H.; A) Var: Chattopadhyay(a), — D 1: 666 2: 431 3: 75, 77-78, 80-85, 87-102, 181, 293 4: pre., 57, 144, 293, 310 5: 25-26 8: 315 9: 280, 480, 544-45 13: 32 14: 415, 421, 423 17: 344-47 22: 418 26: 11 27: 351-55 X: 143 XVII: 25

Chatterji, Bejoy See Chatterjee, Bejoy

Chatterji, Bhuhan a barrister who argued for the accused in the Alipore Bomb Case before the district magistrate of 24-Parganas. (A) a 4:285.287

Chatterji, Pratui Chandra leader of Hindus in Punjab; he presided over the convocation of the Hindu Sabha in 1909. (A) 2:260, 276

Chatterji, Ramananda See Chatterjee, Ramananda

Chatterji, Sarat (Chandra) See Chattopadhyaya, Sarat Chandra

Cnatterton, Thomas (1752-70), chief poet of the 18th-century "Gothic" literary revival; England’s youngest writer of mature verse and a precursor of the Romantic movement. (Enc. Br.) 9:92 1:9 11:11, 18

Chattopadhyay(a), Bankim (Chandra) See Chatterji, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Harindranath (1898), brother of Sarojini Naidu; a famous playwright, poet, actor, and statesman who used a foreign medium (English) as if it were his mother tongue. His first collection of poems The Feast of Youth (1918) showed great promise, but its numerous successors, for all their fluency and play of fancy, never quite redeemed that promise. Harindranath stayed in the Ashram for over two years from 1933 to 1935. (Enc.Ind.;A;S.F.F.) 9:454 17:304-07.311, 319, 323 26:256

Chattopadhyay, Mile See the next entry.

Chattopadhyay, Mrinalini (1883?-1968), younger sister of Sarojini Naidu; editor of Shama’a. From Germany she supported the Indian freedom movement in various ways, cooperating with her elder brother, the famous revolutionary Virendra Nath. In mid-1920 she visited the Ashram. (A; S.B.C, ; Mother-1) 17:313

Chattopadhyaya, Sarat Chandra (1876-1938), one of the greatest novelists and short-story writers of India, whose popularity surpassed that of any other writer in Bengali; "a highly emotional writer with a great power of presenting the feelings and movements of the human vital" (9: 545). His works have been translated into several Indian and foreign languages. (Enc. Ind.; A; Gaz.-II) Var:

Chatterji, Sarat (Chandra) :463, 465, 467, 545 Chaucer, Geoffrey (c. 1342/43-1400), the outstanding English poet before Shakespeare, whose Canterbury Tales ranks him as one of the greatest poets of England. (Enc. Br.) 5:342, 347 9:27, 51-52, 59-62, 82, 168, 246, 339, 421, 477 11:18

Chaudhuri, Ashutosh See Chowdhuri, Ashutosh

Chaudhuri, Rai Jotindranath in the political field of Bengal, one of the most influential members of the middle section of opinion, neither Moderate nor Nationalist. (A) a 2:240, 314 4:209-10

Chaudhuri, Rambhuj Darta (1866-1923), a staunch Arya Samajist, a social worker, and a Congressite of Punjab. In the Congress he belonged to the militant group and had a marked leaning towards the revolutionaries. During the martial law days in 1919 he became the undisputed leader and uncrowned king of Lahore. He was arrested and sentenced to transportation for life. Later, however, he was released under the general amnesty. (D.N.B.-I, pp. 394-95) 4:179

Chedi(s) in Indian history, name of a people and of their country lying between the Yamuna and the Narmada; it was one of the sixteen great states (Mahajanapadas) mentioned in early Buddhist texts. In the Mahabharata, Chedi is the name of an ancient country; among the kings of this country was Shishupala. (D.I.H.; M.N.) a 3:189-91.214 4:93 8:40 VI: 155

Cheiro pen-name of Count Louis Hamon, an Englishman, and author of numerous books on palmistry and other methods of fortunetelling. Cheiro seems to have been a plausible charlatan who found a good thing and made a fortune from it. Yet, according to the accounts of his numerous clients, the accuracy of his predictions was astonishing, for example, the exact dates of the death of Queen Victoria, Edward VII and Lord Kitchener. Cheiro remains an enigma and a controversial figure still. (Enc. Unex.) n 22:467, 470

Chekitana in’the Mahabharata, a son of Dhrishtaketu, and an ally of the Pandavas. (Dow.) 4:75 8:77

Cheloo name of a rickshaw-puller of Pondicherry, also perhaps employed at one time as a worker in the Ashram. Q 9: 556

Chenier Andre(-Marie) de

Chenier (176294), French poet, generally considered to have been the greatest in 18th-century France. (Enc. Br.) a 9:96 Cheops orKhufu(fl.2900?Bc), kingof ancient Egypt for 23 years. He was the founder of the Fourth dynasty and is famous as the builder of the great Pyramid of Gizeh. (Col. Enc.) a 26:316

Chera(s) in Indian history, the people of Chera, a kingdom in the south of the Indian peninsula, which was absorbed by its rival the Chola kingdom. The Chera dynasty ruled the ancient kingdom of Keralaputra (now the state of Kerala) from its earliest recorded history (3rd cent. BC) to the 5th century AD. (Dow.; Enc. Br.) 8:402 15:264

Chersonese; Chersonesus a Greek word meaning "peninsula". In ancient geography the term is applied to several regions. Sri Aurobindo in his epic Ilion refers to the Tauric Chersonese, a peninsula in the northern Euxine or Black Sea, the modern Crimea. (M.I.) 5:416, 419

Cherubim and Seraphim hybrid celestial winged beings with human, animal, or birdlike characteristics that are depicted in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic literature. They act as throne bearers or throne guardians of the deity. In later theology Cherubim is an angel of the second order, and Seraphim of the first. They correspond, according to Sri Aurobindo, to the Gandharvas and Venas of Indian tradition. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1874-1936), English critic and author of verse, essays, novels, and short stories. He early developed the weapon of paradox, which he used most significantly to probe the profound ambiguities of Christian theology. (Enc. Br.) a Shanker a respectable, well-to-do businessman of Pondicherry, at whose house Sri Aurobindo spent the first six months of his stay in Pondicherry (April to October 1910). This house, the only three storeyed

house in the town at that time, is No. 39 on Calve Subraya Chettiar Street, formerly known as Comouthy Street. (A; A & R, XVII: 106, 122) XXI: 11

Chetwind Court Chetwynd Court, name of a courtyard forming part of King’s College, Cambridge. (Note: "Chetwind" is a misprint or misreading of the manuscript.) 3:65

Chhandogya (Upanishad) an Upanishad of the Sama-veda. (Up. K.) Var: Chandogya 12:56-57, 134, 211, 385, 393 13:13, 425 14:146 18:71.501 19:683 27:300 VI: 155, 157-58 VIII: 180. 183 XVII: 35, 61 XVIII: 156

Chiang Kai Shek (1887-1975), Chinese generalissimo and statesman, ruler of China from 1928 to 1949, and subsequently head of the Chinese government in exile on Taiwan. (EBe. 15:356 Chicago a city in northeast Illinois, U.S.A., at the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan, second among U.S. cities in size and importance. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) a 14:8 17:181

Chidambaram See Pillai, Chidambaram

Childe Harold Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: A Romaunt (canto I& II, 1812; canto iii, 1816; canto IV, 1818), narrative poem by Lord Byron about the disillusioned Childe Harold, who undertakes a long European journey, reflecting on different places and their associations in history. (Enc. Br.) 9:118 Chile a country on the southwest coast of South America; it occupies a long narrow strip of land extending for about 2, 700 miles between the Andes (east) and the Pacific Ocean (west). (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Chilianwala a place in Punjab, where (in about 1848) the Sikhs put up a heroic fight against the Indo-British army in the Second Sikh War. (D.I.H.) 1:303

Chimera in Greek mythology, a firebreathing monster represented as having a lion’s head, a goat’s body, and a serpent’s tail; an impossible or foolish fancy. (Web.) 5:l00 China a country in eastern Asia, now formally known as the "People’s Republic of China"; the largest in area of all Asian countries and the world’s most populous nation. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) Der: Chinese (in senses other than the language) 1:260, 389. 468, 481, 502. 527-28, 712, 720, 813-15 2: 34.120, 216, 230-31, 248, 278, 290, 293, 356, 390, 406, 433 4:157, 214 5:276 7:574, 637, 695 9:236-38, 245, 443, 496

10:23 12:502-03 13:86 14:10-11, 57, 77-78, 148, 191, 201, 237, 240, 258, 264, 334, 392, 402, 431 15:33′, 46, 178, 295, 302, 324, 331, 342, 353-54, 356, 412, 419, 438, 445-46, 449, 467, 502, 512, 564, 567, 644 17:181, 185, 275, 302-03, 314 20:428 22:62, 64, 235, 490 23:556 25:228 27:52, 64, 122-24, 203, 280, 282, 284-85 1:8, 25 111:11 VIII: 172-73 IX: 32 XVIII: 138 XXI: 59

Chinese (language) the oldest living language, with a progressive history of 4000 years. As the national language of China’s 710 million inhabitants, Chinese is spoken by over twice the number who speak English, the second most widely spoken language in the world. Unlike India China is not divided linguistically except in the southeastern maritime provinces. The traditional Chinese script is ideographic, i.e., each character represents the meaning of a word, not its pronunciation; there are about 4000 essential characters in Chinese. (Pears) 14:258, 264 16:406 17:291 XVII: 11

Chinese Revolution Chinese Revolution of 1911, the nationalist revolt in China that overthrew the Ch’ing dynasty in 1912 and created a republic. (Enc. Br.) 17:185

Chino-Japanese of, or influenced by, both China and Japan, 1:815 23:1078

Chinsurah a town of Bengal (now West Bengal state), India, situated on the River Hooghly, north of Calcutta, near the town of Hooghly. (S. Atlas) a l: 156, 159

Chitnavis, Sir Gangadharrao Madhavrao (1863-1929), a Moderate leader of Nagpur who played a prominent part in the public activities of the city, for which the Government conferred upon him a knighthood in 1911. (D.N.B.) 1:569.592, 634 27:43

Chitore the fortified capital of the Ranas (rulers) of MRWAR. the strength of which was renowned all over Rajputana. The fortifications, a source of glory and pride to Mewar, enabled the Ranas to hold back the Mahomedan invaders through many centuries. Gradually, however, the glory of the city vanished. In the 18th century Chitore became a haunt of tigers and other wild beasts, though in the late 19th century it partially recovered. Chitore is now a small town at the foot of the precipice at the top of which the old fort stands. (D.I.H.) 4:92 1:22

Chitpur a locality in central Calcutta. a 1:556

Chitragupta in Hindu mythology, a scribe in the abode of the dead who records the virtues and vices of men; the recorder of Yama. (Dow.) a 22:364 Chitralekha in Hindu mythology, a nymph of heaven, skilled in painting and magic. She is a character a companion of Urvasie in Kalidasa’s drama Vikramorvasie. (Dow.) Var: Chitraleqha a 3:231, 279, 281, 283 7:909, 914, 916-21, 923-25, 934-43, 957-61, 963-70, 973-74 X: 165, 167, 170 Chitramahas Vasishtha a Vedic Rishi, descendant of Vasistha. 11:429 Chitrangada in the Mahabharata, daughter of King Citra-vahana of Manipur, and one ofthewivesofArjuna. (Dow.) 5:315-17, 320, 325-27, 330-32 Chitrarath(a) in Hindu mythology, king of the Gandharvas, musicians of heaven. A character in Kalidasa’s drama Vikramorvasie. (A) Var: Chitroruth 7:909, 921-23 13:349 27:152 Chitrasane See Dimbhuc Chitroruth See Chitraratha Chitta ChittaranjanDas.5eeDas, C. R. Chittagong administrative headquarters of Chittagong district and division, and a chief fhdfsm Ocean port of Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan). Under British rule, Chittagong was in the province of Bengal, except from 1905 to 1912 when it formed part of the short-lived province of "East Bengal and Assam". (Enc. Br.) 1:76, 167, 262, 804, 896 27: 29, 39-40 Chittaranjan (Das) See Das, C. R. ChokhaMela ( ? -1332 or 1338), also known as Mahar (name of a caste) poet, a saint and one of the earliest followers of Gyandev. He belonged to a low-caste Hindu family of Ssuithi’iwdna. Chokha constantly remembered the Divine while engaged in his activities. Once, when he was repairing the boundary wall of his village, the wall fell on him and he was crushed to death. (Enc.Ind.; BhaktaCh.) n 1:537 Chola(s) (people of ) Chola, an ancient Tamil kingdom (c. 600 BC-AD c. 1200) of South India. Its chief capitals were at Trichinopoly (modern Tiruchirapalli), Conjeeveram (Kanchipuram), Arcot and TarjMwp Thanjavur). (Col. Enc.) D 15:264 XVIII: 136

Chosroes Chosroes I (d. 579), also known as Khosru I, king of Persia (531-79), the greatest of the Sassanid or Sasanian monarchs, surnamed "the Just", and remembered as a great reformer. Chosroe or Khosru II (die, d 628), sometimes surnamed as "Parviz" (the Victorious), a late Sasanian king who ascended the throne in 590 and under whom the Sasanian empire achieved its greatest expansion. (Col. Enc.; Enc. Br.) 3:110 IX: 28

Choudhuri See Chowdhuri

Chouhan The Chouhans (or Chauhans) were a clan of Rajputs; a long line of Chauhan kings ruled for several centuries in Sambhar in Rajputana, with Ajmer as their capital. (D.I.H.) 7:739, 742-45, 788-89, 795-800, 803, 805

Chowdhuri, Ashutosh (1860-1924), judge of the Calcutta High Court from 1912 to 1920. He was connected with many institutions and organisations in Calcutta, and had a national outlook in the field of education, though not in politics. Ashutosh imbibed the best of English education and denounced irrational imitation of everything English. While at Cambridge, he founded the Indian Majlis, the first society of Indian students in England. He was knighted in 1917. (D.N.B.) Var: Chaudhuri, —; Chowdhury, —; A. Chaudhuri etc. 1:437-40, 453-54, 733 2:329, 335 4:209-10, 238 27:498 II: 3

Chowdhuri, Jogesh (Chandra) (1864-1951), founder of the Palli Samaj, and a political leader of Bengal who had "an instinct for the need of the moment". A barrister by profession, he was also "one of the earliest pioneers" in the field of industrial revival. It was he who "first started an industrial exhibition of Swadeshi articles as an annexe to the Indian National Congress in December 1901". (A;I.F.F.) Var: Choudhuri, — 1:733 4:238 27:7-8

Chowringee an aristocratic locality in central Calcutta. Almost all the leading hotels, cinemas and restaurants are located in Chowringee. (Guide) Var: Chowringhee 1: 179.184. 221, 453, 503, 543, 547, 550 2:274, 292.377

Christ, Jesus (c. 6 BC-AD 29), founder of Christianity, born at Bethlehem in Judaea, and brought up at Nazareth in Galilee. His teaching is summarised in the Sermon on the Mount, and its main theme is love, especially for the poor and downtrodden. The main source of his life history is the New Testament. The Christian era is computed according to a 6th-century reckoning to begin with Jesus’ birth. Modern dating has, however, amended the probable year of his birth. The month and day are unknown; Christmas (December 25) was set as the feast several centuries later. The title "Christ" comes from a Greek word "Christos" (anointed), which is the Greek translation of the Hebrew title "Messiah". The

name Jesus is Greek for the Hebrew "Joshua", a name meaning Saviour. (Pears; Col. Enc.) Der: Christhood; Antichrist 1: 146-47, 323, 481, 603-05, 704, 745, 802 2: 27 3: 3, 12, 24, 26, 64, 169.178, 213, 229.262, 375, 385, 437, 454 4:73, 251, 310.334 5:43, 485 7: 857 9: 318 10: 27, 547 12: 55, 484-85, 498-99, 511 13: 9, 12, 41, 139-40, 151, 153, 156, 158, 161, 164, 272, 372, 462 14: 48, 66, 73, 81, 84, 203-04, 328, 402 15: 609 16: 80.203, 275-76, 364, 411, 415, 430 17: 64, 82-83, 99-100, 146, 163, 297, 383 20:59-60, 259.314 21:561, 575 22: 140, 408, 417-19, 426, 428-30, 483 23: 563, 796, 955 24: 1660, 1731. 1741, 1754 25: 78, 90, 320, 332, 370 26: 137-38, 445, 447-48, 463 27: 366, 420 29: 777 I: 26, 31, 49, 52 11:63 111:25, 75 IV: 168 VI: 159 IX: 26, 42 XIII: 50 XVI: 134, 180 XVII: 2. 10, 30 XIX: 74 XX: 136 Christendom that portion of the world in which Christianity is the dominant religion. (Enc.Br.) 12:232, 498 15:69, 297, 345, 377 16:323

Christian a character in Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress, 23:789 26:464

Christian(ity) the largest of the world religions. It was founded in Judaea (modern Israel) about 2000 years ago by Jesus of Nazareth. Basing its belief on Jesus as the resurrected Son of God or the Messiah (Christ), Christianity -after three centuries of persecution became the official religion of the Roman Empire and spread throughout the world. Among religions Christianity is unusual in its penchant for organization and is also notable for its missionary zeal. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) Der: Christianisation; Christianised 1:207, 311, 323, 412, 575-76, 579, 596, 605, 712, 714, 740, 757-58, 800-01. 844.905 2:19, 73, 84, 156, 168-69, 245, 356-57 3: 3-4, 7, 12, 30, 85, 123, 169, 178, 292, 305, 320, 350, 375, 385, 393, 488 4:15, 73, 85, 92, 107, 115, 125, 152, 194, 247, 252, 273, 305 5: 173 7: 567, 579, 835 9:42, 114, 238.536, 554, 557 10:14 11:472 12:12. 232, 452, 478, 485-86, 497-99, 504, 511, 518 13:10, 13, 28, 41, 86, 153-54, 161-62, 164, 181 14: 1, 3-4, 7, 15. 17, 20, 45, 47, 51, 54, 73-74, 76-80, 82-84, 90-91, 96-97, 99, 123, 140, 147, 152, 162, 193, 213, 240, 257, 281, 316, 328, 365. 397, 418, 427 15:14-15. 32, 69, 86, 147, 164-65, 302, 496, 521, 541, 544, 648 16:163, 249, 310.322, 364-66, 394 17:81, 104, 117, 168-69, 177, 241, 274, 278, 281, 328, 371, 377 18:416 19: 879, 884, 1052 20:142, 191, 314 21:685 22:6, 56, 64, 118-19, 128-31, 133, 158, 174, 184, 306, 394, 430, 470,

486 23: 555-56, 563, 795, 850 24:1631, 1635 25:320, 388 26:137-38. 259, 336, 464, 466  27:46, 204, 248, 267-70, 286, 351, 445, 447, 484 29:777, 798 1:31, 41, 50, 56, 67 11:5.58, 87-88 111:72 V:63 VII: 9, 22 VIII: 172, 174, 190, 195 X: 142 XI: 4 XIV: 145 XV: 5 XVI: 142, 180-81 XVII: 2, 10, 28, 34 XVIII: 160 Christine, Sister Christine Greenstidel (1866? ) of Detroit, U.S. A., a spirited disciple of Swami Vivekananda. Her love for India was next only to her devotion to her Guru. For some time she worked in the Sister Nivedita School, Calcutta. n 23:557 26:354

Christ in Hades a narrative poem in blank verse by Stephen Phillips which made a powerful impression on Sri Aurobindo when he read it in typescript some years before its publication. (A) 9:3 26:254, 267

Christmas "mass of Christ", from the Old English "Cristes maesse", which is celebrated by the Western Church on December 25. This festival of Christ’s birth is devoted especially to family reunion and merrymaking. The actual day on which Christ was born is not known. December 25 as the day of Nativity was not generally observed until the 5th century AD, though, as the winter solstice, it had long been observed as a pagan festival. (Pears, p. L23; C.O.D.) 1:639 4:238 27:420

Christofir in Sri Aurobindo’s play The Maid in the Mill, father of Euphrosyne. 7:874

Chryses in Homeric legend (Iliad), a priest of Apollo, on the island of Sminthus. His daughter Chryseis was taken captive by Achilles in the Trojan War and was awarded to Agamemnon as his share of the spoils. (N.C.C.H.) 11:26

Chuccar misreading of the text of the Mahabharata where the word is Vakra, the name of a king who ruled over the country called Karusa (see Karoosh). The king was also known as Dantavakra or Dantavaktra. (M.N.) 8:40

Chudamani name of an unknown person. [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27] (Chunda) Mahasegn a character king of Avunthie in Sri Aurobindo’s play Vasavadutta. 6:205, 207, 211-14,

222-23, 232, 244, 247, 249-54, 256-60, 276, 311-15 Chundra See Chandra(bali) Chundrobhaga See Chandrabhaga Churchill, Charles (1731 -64), English poet noted for his lampoons and polemical satires written in heroic couplets. (Enc. Br.) 11:11, 16-17, 19 Churchill, Winston Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (1874-1965), British statesman, soldier, author, and orator. He was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955. During his first tenure of this office he led his country from near defeat to victory in World War II. He had also been Under-secretary of State for the Colonies (1906-08) and Home Secretary (1910-11). Churchill was a stern imperialist and a die-hard Tory, and he had very little sympathy with the nationalist movement in India. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.; Gilbert, p. 50) 1:143 2:298 4:212-13, 215 Chyavan an Indian sage, son of Rishi Bhrigu. The Mahabharata, interpreting his name as signifying "the fallen", accounts for it by a legend which represents his mother Puloma as having been carried off by the demon (raksasa) Puloman. She was pregnant, and in her fright the baby fell from her womb. The demon’s heart was softened, and he let the mother depart with her infant. (Dow.) 5:253 7:995, 997, 1002 27:152, 157

Chytyac Caityaka, in the Mahabharata, a mountain peak in the region of Magadha. (M.N.) 8:52, 54 CVcem, Marcus Tullius (106-43 Be), Roman statesman, scholar, lawyer, writer, and staunch upholder of republican principles during the civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic. Cicero is remembered chiefly as Rome’s greatest orator. (Enc. Br.) 9:545 26:241 29:787 1:8 Cichaka Kicaka, in the Mahabharata, brother-in-law of King Virata, and the commander of his forces. Kicaka tried to outrage the modesty of Draupadi, who was staying in disguise along with the Pandavas in the service of Virata. For this misdeed he was slain by Bhima. (M.N.) 3:305 Cid Le Cid, a tragicomedy by the 17thcentury French dramatist Pierre Corneille. It is Corneille’s most famous play, considered by many as the beginning of modern French drama. The probable date of its first performance is 1637. (Enc. Br.) 9:529

C.I.D. Criminal Investigation Department of the police in India, 2:289.366-68 4:264, 290-91

Cimmerian The Cimmerians were an ancient people originally living north of the Caucasus and the Sea of Azov. They were driven by the Scythians out of southern Russia, over the Caucasus, and into Anatolia

toward the end of the 8th century BC. In the early 7th century BC they swept across Asia Minor, and broke the power of Phrygia. The term Cimmerian used to modify "darkness" (17: 128) means "thick", "gloomy". (Enc.Br.;C.O.D.) 5:421 17:128

Cineas a friend of King Pyrrhus of Epirus, who counselled him to make peace with the Romans. (Latin D.) 4:238

Circe in Greek legend, a celebrated enchantress, daughter of Helios (the Sun). She changed the companions of Odysseus into swine, but he forced her to break the spell. (Col. Enc.) Der: Circean D 5:30 7: 1070 8: 100, 105, 116 27: 134 28:86 29:493, 625.675

Cireas a character a servant in the temple of Poseidon in Sri Aurobindo’s play Perseus the Deliverer, 6: 3, 11-14, 16.18, 24, 82-85, 88-91, 93-95, 97, 180, 184, 186-90, 196, 198 Cirrhes in Sri Aurobindo’s epic poem llion, a Greek warrior killed by Penthesilea while he was fleeing from battle. (M.I.) 5:515

Civil and Military Gazette or C. M. Gazette, the leading Anglo-Indian paper of Lahore (Punjab), which poured abuse and ridicule upon educated Indians, and received on this account, as a result of two petitions, a mild remonstrance from the Lt. Governor, Sir Denzillbbetson. (N.S.I.) 1:354, 373, 521, 610 27:52

Clara, Donna See Donna Clara (Santa Cruz)

Clarence, George Plantagenent (1449-78), Duke of Clarence, English nobleman who revolted against his brother King Edward IV (ruled 1461-70 and 1471-83). In 1471 the brothers were reconciled, and the next year Clarence was made Earl of Warwick and Salisbury. In 1476, however, he again began scheming against his brother. Edward learned of this plot, and in February 1478 he had Clarence executed. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov. 1913-Oct. '27]

Clarke1 one of the local government officers who, in 1907, dealt with the Hindu-Muslim riots at Jamalpur and Dewangunj in Bengal. (A) D 1:331

Clarke2 a police officer of 24-Parganas, one of the party that came to arrest Sri Aurobindo on 2 May 1908; perhaps the same as Clarke1; or perhaps Reginald Clarke, the commissioner of police, Calcutta. (A; S.F.F., p.399) 4:258

Clarke, Sir George (1848-1933), Secretary of the Colonial Defence Committee, 1885-92; knighted, 1893; Secretary to the Committee of Imperial Defence, 1904; Governor of Bombay Presidency, 1907-13. In the opinion of H. W. Nevinson, he soon won the confidence and respect of Indians in all parties by his straightforward ways and his freedom from official routine. (Gilbert, p. 122; N.S.I., pp. 25, 57) 2:345 4:203-04, 233

Clarke, Sir Sydenham a British official in Bombay around 1908. (A) n l: 818

Claudio a character a young gentleman in Shakespeare’s comedy Measure for Measure. (Shakes., p. 97)I-I 9:277 Claudius famous house of Roman gens, whose ancestor was Attus Clausus; it was renowned for its licence, cruelty, pride, and genius. (Latin D., under Clausus; Col. Enc.;A) 3:70

Cleather, Leighton a European lady who, in 1909, spoke to the Oriental Circle of the Lyceum Club in London about the message of India. (A) 2:29

Cleisthenes (c. 570-c. 508 BC), Athenian statesman regarded as the founder of Athenian democracy. By 506 BC he made himself the undisputed ruler of the city. He reorganised the social and political constitution on so stable a basis that civil war disappeared from Athenian life. (Enc. Br.; CoI.Enc.) 1:24

Cleon (d. 422 BC-), Athenian political leader, the first prominent representative of the commercial class in Athenian politics. The uneducated son of a tanner, he was nevertheless a gifted speaker. He became the leader of the Athenian democracy in 429 BC after the death of his political enemy Pericles. (Col. Enc.;

Enc. Br.) D 15:339

Cleone a character sister of Phayllus and companion of Cleopatra in Sri Aurobindo’s play Rodogune. a 6:333, 335-38, 341-45, 357, 362-68, 371, 373, 391, 396, 403, 406, 409, 411-12, 417, 419-23, 442. 444-47, 451-52, 459, 465-67 Cleopatra’ (69-30 BC), Egyptian queen, famous as 9 "femme fatale" in history and drama. She influenced Roman history through her love affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. A fictionalised Cleopatra is the heroine of Shakespeare’s tragedy Antony and Cleopatra. She bore a name much used in the Ptolemaic family; there were many earlier Cleopatras. Cleopatra’s Needle is the name given to obelisks from ancient Egypt now standing on the Embankment in London and in Central Park in New York. (Enc. Br.) a 3:43 4:286 9:31614:192

Cleopatra2 a character queen of Syria, wife of King Antiochus of Syria in Sri Aurobindo’s play Rodogune. 6:333, 335, 338-42, 344, 353-64, 391, 396-403, 417-20, 440, 443, 448-49, 460-61 Clive, Lord Robert (1725-74), British soldier and statesman, conqueror and first British administrator of Bengal, who laid the foundation for British rule in India. As an employee of the East India Company, in the Company’s military service, Clive played a prominent role in the politics of Bengal, especially during the years 1757-67. With his fraudulent policies he attempted to enslave the Nawab and the people of Bengal. He also appropriated large sums of money and became in a way the landlord of his employers. He retired in 1767 to England, where in 1774 he committed suicide. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) 1:492 2:30 4:141

Cloten a character son to the queen (of Britain) by a former husband in Shakespeare’s tragedy Cymbeline. (Shakes.) 3:21

Cloud-Messenger title, translated into English, ofMeghadut (more correctly Meghaduta(m)), a Sanskrit drama by Kalidasa. The manuscript of Sri Aurobindo’s translation of this poem, written in terza rima, has been lost. It seems to have been lost by the person with whom Sri Aurobindo kept it. (A) 3:76, 227, 229, 237, 245-47, 294, 317, 322-23 9:113 26:235-36 27:91-93, 98, 106 1:29 X:143

Clough, Arthur Hugh (1819-61), English poet whose work reflects the perplexity and religious doubt of mid-19th century England. He was a friend of Matthew Arnold and the subject of Arnold’s commemorative elegy Thyrsis. (Enc. Br.) a 5:345-46, 376, 378, 380-82 9:398 11:27-29

Clymene in Greek legend, wife of Merops, king of Ethiopia. She was beloved of Apollo (the Sun), and bore him Phaethon. (M.I.) 5:495

Clytemnestra in Greek legend, half sister of Helen. She married Agamemnon and became mother of three children. While Agamemnon was off fighting in the Trojan War, she betrayed him with Aegisthus. When the husband returned, the lovers plotted and brought about his murder. (Col. Enc.) Var: Clytaemnestra 3:276 X: 157

C. M. Gazette See Civil and Military Gazette

Cnossus an ancient city of Crete; it was located on the north coast near modern Candia. (Col. Enc.) 6:28

Coan robes See Cos

Cocanada; Coconada Kakinada, a seaport and the administrative headquarters of East Godawari district in the former presidency of Madras (now in Andhra Pradesh state). (Enc. Br.) 1:397, 433-34, 482, 484

Cocytus in Greek mythology, the river of wailing, a tributary of the Acheron (see Acherontian waters) in Hades. (Web.) 6:180

Codlin’s the friend, not Snort (Snort is a typographical error for Short), Codlin and Short, in Dickens’ Old Curiosity Shop, travel about the country with a Punch and Judy show. Thomas Codlin was a surly misanthrope; Short was a cheerful little man. Codlin, who suspects that little Nell and her grandfather have run away with their friends and is anxious to get the reward for their discovery, assures Nell that "Codlin’s the friend, not Short". (Ox. Comp.) n 1:283

Cody, Dr. a medical officer of the British Service who, when a regular medical department was instituted in Baroda State in 1876/77, was appointed the Chief Medical Officer. (A) a 27:113

Coilas(a) See Kailasa

Colan a character in Chesterton’s poem The Ballad of the White Horse. D 9: 318

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772-1834), leading English Romantic poet, author of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and one of the most profound literary theorists of his day. (Enc. Br.) n 3:146-47, 248 9:94, 116, 123-24, 126, 131, 133, 192, 317, 349, 541 26:266-67 27:107 11:11, 16 Collected Poems Volume 5 of SABCL, published in 1972. It is a collection, intended to be complete, of the poems by Sri Aurobindo. 9:363, 400, 412, 434, 531 26:153, 239, 257,

265, 268, 274, 294, 303 11:31-32

Collected Poems (and Plays) a. collection of Sri Aurobindo’s poems and plays (both original and translations), published in 1942 in two volumes. (I & G) a 22:387 24:1155 26:237, 252, 255, 257, 268 29:785-88, 796 II: 33

College Square a locality in central Calcutta, also known as Go l Dighi. 1:408, 496, 539, 749-50 2:pre., 112, 231, 366 4:186, 206-07, 210, 244 26:66 27:40, 73

Collin, Sir Edwin a British M.P. around 1909. (A) 4:176

Collins, William (1721-59), pre-Romantic English poet whose lyrical odes adhered to Neoclassical forms but were Romantic in theme and feeling. Though his literary career was brief and his output slender, he is considered one of the finest English lyric poets of the 18th century. (Enc. Br.) 9:92 1:9 II:ll-:

Colmar a town in northeastern France, capital of Haut-Rhin departement, bordering the German frontier and a few miles east of the foothills of the Vosges mountains. It was annexed twice by Germany: from 1871 to 1919 and again during World War II. (Enc. Br.) [From "Record of Yoga" MSS Nov.l913-0ct. '27]

Colombo capital of Sri Lanka (formerly called Ceylon), situated on the west coast of the island; it is one of the principal Indian Ocean ports. (Enc. Br.) 1:803

Colootola a locality in central Calcutta where the offices of the English newspaper Bengalee were situated, 1:182, 265, 415, 623, 896-901

Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506), Italian explorer in the service of Spain; first historically verifiable discoverer (1492) of the New World. His four voyages opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization and irreversibly changed the course of world history. (Enc. Br.; Web.) D 3: 13 22:423 IV: 161 XVI: 182

Comilla name of a district, and also of its headquarters, in Chittagong division, Bengal (now in Bangladesh). See also Tipperah. (Enc. Br.) 1:115, 163, 209, 212-19, 224, 244, 250-52, 261-62, 286, 345, 358, 369-71, 376, 403, 513, 522, 543, 734 27:18-19, 21, 25, 29, 39, 47 XXI: 87-88, 98

Commons, House of popularly elected legislative body of the bicameral British Parliament (the other House is known as the House of Lords). For all practical purposes, the House of Commons is synonymous with Parliament. It alone has the right to impose taxes and to vote

money to, or withdraw it from, the various public departments and services. (Enc. Br.) 1:16.26, 32, 55, 349, 402-03, 420-21, 462-64, 575.631, 822 2:55, 60, 207, 223, 253, 268, 270, 281 4:212-14

Commonwealth, British British Commonwealth of Nations, worldwide political organization of independent nations with their dependencies, all of which recognize the British monarch as head of the Commonwealth. (Enc. Br.) 15:295, 312-13, 317, 447

Communist follower of Communism which, in contemporary usage, means the policies and doctrines of Communist parties such as the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Originally the term "communism" meant a system of society in which property is owned by the community and in which wealth is shared by citizens according to their need. Communist parties hold that modern industrial society will inevitably reach such a state of communism, but only after a long period of transition. (Enc. Br.) Der: Communistic a 15:17.20, 45, 189-90, 192-93, 197, 205, 381, 560, 564, 567-69 22:209 26:416

Comol (Cumary) a character daughter of Rana Curran and Menadevi in Sri Aurobindo’s play Prince of Edur. 7: 739.747-55, 760-63, 770-76, 788.790-92, 802-11, 814-15 Comorin, Cape Sanskrit, Kanya Kumari, rocky headland in Tamil Nadu state, India, forming the southernmost point of the subcontinent. (Enc. Br.) a 1:797, 803 10:554 XVII: 43

Company (British) East India Company, a British commercial and political organization in India from 1600 to 1873. It was incorporated by royal charter on December 31. 1600. Starting as a monopolistic trading body, the company became involved in politics and acted as an agent of British imperialism in India from the mid-18th century. (Erie. Br.) 1:53 8:331

Compiegne a town in Oise departement of northern France, northeast of Paris. It is an important tourist centre. (Col. Enc.) 27:466

Comte, Auguste (1798-1857), French philosopher, founder of sociology and Positivism a system of thought and knowledge put forward as being capable of providing a basis for political organization in a modern industrial society. (Enc. Br.) 4:44

Comudica a character Bakulavalika’s friend in Kalidasa’s play Mdlavikagnimifram, part of which was translated by Sri Aurobindo under the title Malavica and the King. 8:135, 139-41 X: 116, 118-21

Comus a poetic masque by Milton, published in 1637 but first performed in 1634 with music by Henry Lawes. Mythologically, Comus is a Greek god of mirth, represented as a winged youth bearing a torch and a drinking cup. (Enc. Br.; Col. Enc.) D 26:246 29:792

Concise Oxford (Dictionary) See Oxford (Dictionary)

Confucius (551-479 Be), more correctly written Kong Fu-Tse, the most famous Chinese philosopher and political theorist, whose ideas have influenced the civilizations of all eastern Asia. Positive evidence concerning his life is scanty. His supposed doctrines are embodied in Confucianism, which has traditionally been the substance of learning, the source of values, and the social code of the Chinese, as well as a religion and a philosophy for more than two millennia. (Enc. Br.; G.W.H.) Der: Confucian; Confucianism 1:800 2:230 17:238 20:192 26:75, 483 27:279, 284 1:31 VIII: 169, 172 IX: 42 XVI: 180

Congo Belgian Congo, a former colony in equatorial Africa. It was later known as Democratic Republic of the Congo, and now it is called the Republic of Zaire. (Enc. Br.) n 15:328

Congress in most cases, the same as "Indian National Congress"

Congress, Lady a character the Indian National Congress personified in Sri Aurobindo’s tragedy "The Slaying of Congress" published in Bande Mataram in February 1908. 1:673-80, 682-90.693.695-96 Connaught one of the five ancient kingdoms or provinces of Ireland, lying in the western and northwestern areas of the island and comprising the modern counties of Mayo, Sligo, Leitrim, Galway, and Roscommon. (Enc.Br.) 15:299

Conquest of Happiness, The a book (1930) by Bertrand Russell. (A) 9:555

Conrad, Joseph (1857-1924), a Polish-born English writer; he was a great novelist and short-story writer, and has been long admired for his rich English prose. (Enc. Br.) 9:456