TRANSLATIONS

 

CONTENTS

 

Pre-content

 

 

Part One 

Translations from Sanskrit

 

Section ONE

The Ramayana : Pieces from the Ramayana

1. Speech of Dussaruth

2. An Aryan City

3. A Mother's Lament

4. The Wife

An Aryan City: Prose Version

The Book of the Wild Forest

The Defeat of Dhoomraksha

 

Section Two

The Mahabharata   Sabha Parva or Book of the Assembly-Hall :

Canto I: The Building of the Hall

Canto II: The Debated Sacrifice

Canto III: The Slaying of Jerasundh

Virata Parva: Fragments from Adhyaya 17

Udyoga Parva: Two Renderings of the First Adhaya

Udyoga Parva: Passages from Adhyayas 75 and 72

 

The Bhagavad Gita: The First Six Chapters

 

Appendix I: Opening of Chapter VII

Appendix II: A Later Translation of the Opening of the Gita

Vidula

 

  Section Three

Kalidasa

Vikramorvasie or The Hero and the Nymph

 

 

In the Gardens of Vidisha or Malavica and the King:

 

 

The Birth of the War-God

Stanzaic Rendering of the Opening of Canto I

Blank Verse Rendering of Canto I

Expanded Version of Canto I and Part of Canto II

 

Notes and Fragments

Skeleton Notes on the Kumarasambhavam: Canto V

The Line of Raghou: Two Renderings of the Opening

The Cloud Messenger: Fragments from a Lost Translation

 

Section Four

Bhartrihari

The Century of Life

Appendix: Prefatory Note on Bhartrihari

 

Section Five

Other Translations from Sanskrit

Opening of the Kiratarjuniya

Bhagawat: Skandha I, Adhyaya I

Bhavani (Shankaracharya)

 

 

Part Two

Translations from Bengali

 

Section One

Vaishnava Devotional Poetry

Radha's Complaint in Absence (Chundidas)

Radha's Appeal (Chundidas)

Karma: Radha's Complaint (Chundidas)

Appeal (Bidyapati)

Twenty-two Poems of Bidyapati

Selected Poems of Bidyapati

Selected Poems of Nidhou

Selected Poems of Horo Thacoor

Selected Poems of Ganodas

 

 

Section Two

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Hymn to the Mother: Bande Mataram

Anandamath: The First Thirteen Chapters

 

Appendix: A Later Version of Chapters I and II

 

 

Section Three

Chittaranjan Das

Songs of the Sea

 

 

Section Four

Disciples and Others

Hymn to India (Dwijendralal Roy)

Mother India (Dwijendralal Roy)

The Pilot (Atulprasad Sen)

Mahalakshmi (Anilbaran Roy)

The New Creator (Aruna)

Lakshmi (Dilip Kumar Roy)

Aspiration: The New Dawn (Dilip Kumar Roy)

Farewell Flute (Dilip Kumar Roy)

Uma (Dilip Kumar Roy)

Faithful (Dilip Kumar Roy)

Since thou hast called me (Sahana)

A Beauty infinite (Jyotirmayi)

At the day-end (Nirodbaran)

The King of kings (Nishikanto)

 

 

Part Three

Translations from Tamil

 

Andal

Andal: The Vaishnava Poetess

To the Cuckoo

I Dreamed a Dream

Ye Others

 

 

Nammalwar

Nammalwar: The Supreme Vaishnava Saint and Poet

Nammalwar's Hymn of the Golden Age

Love-Mad

 

 

Kulasekhara Alwar

Refuge

 

 

Tiruvalluvar

Opening of the Kural

 

 

Part Four

Translations from Greek

 

Two Epigrams

Opening of the Iliad

Opening of the Odyssey

Hexameters from Homer

 

 

Part Five

Translations from Latin

 

Hexameters from Virgil and Horace

Catullus to Lesbia

 

NOTE ON THE TEXTS

 

Act III

 

Scene I. — Hermitage of the Saint Bharat in Heaven.

Galava and Pelava.

 

GALAVA

Pelava, thee the Sage admitted, happier

Chosen, to that great audience in the house

Of highest Indra, — I meanwhile must watch

The sacred flame; inform my absence. Was

The divine session with the acting pleased?

 

PELAVA

Of pleased I know not; this I well could see

They sat all lost in that poetic piece

Of Saraswatie, "Luxmie's Choice", — breathlessly

Identified themselves with every mood.

But —

 

GALAVA

Ah, that but! It opens doors to censure.

 

PELAVA

Yes, Urvasie was heedless, missed her word.

 

GALAVA

How? how?

 

PELAVA

She acted Luxmie; Menaka

Was Varunie; who asking, "Sister, see,

The noble and the beautiful of Heaven,

And Vishnu and the guardians of the worlds.

 

Page – 165


To whom does thy heart go mid all these glories?" —

Urvasie should have answered "Purushottam",

But from her lips "Pururavas" leaped forth.

 

GALAVA

Our organs are the slaves of fate and doom!

Was not the great Preceptor angry?

 

PELAVA

Yes;

He cursed her, but high Indra blessed.

 

GALAVA

What blessing?

 

PELAVA

"Since thou hast wronged my teaching and my fame,

For thee no place in Heaven", — so frowned the Sage.

Heaven's monarch marked her when the piece was ended,

Drooping, her sweet face bowed with shame, and said,

With gracious brows, "Since thou hast fixed thy heart

Upon my friend and strong ally in war,

I will do both a kindness. Go to him

And love and serve him as thy lord until

A child is got in thee and he behold

His offspring's face."

 

GALAVA

O nobly this became

Indra; he knows to value mighty hearts.

 

PELAVA (looking at the Sun)

Look, in our talk if we have not transgressed

Our teacher's hour for bathing. Galava,

We should be at his side.

 

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GALAVA

Let us make haste.

They go out.

 

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Scene II. — Outside the palace of Pururavas, beneath the House of Gems. The terrace of the House of Gems with a great staircase leading up to it.

The Chamberlain Latavya enters.

 

LATAVYA (sighing)

All other men when life is green and strong

Marry and toil and get them wealth, then, aging,

Their sons assume the burden, they towards rest

Their laboured faces turn. But us for ever

Service, a keyless dungeon still renewed,

Wears down; and hard that service is which keeps

O'er women ward and on their errands runs.

Now Kashi's daughter, careful of her vow,

Commands me, "I have put from me, Latavya,

The obstinacy of offended love

And wooed my husband through Nipunika.

Thou too entreat him." Therefore I linger here

Waiting till the King's greatness swiftly come,

His vesper worship done. It dims apace.

How beautifully twilight sits and dreams

Upon these palace walls! The peacocks now

Sit on their perches, drowsed with sleep and night,

Like figures hewn in stone. And on the roof

The fluttering pigeons with their pallid wings

Mislead the eye, disguised as rings of smoke

That from the window-ways have floated out

Into the evening. In places flower-bestrewn

The elders of the high seraglio, gentle souls

Of holy manners, set the evening lamps,

Dividing darkness; flames of auspice burn.

The King! I hear the sound of many feet,

Ringed round with torches he appears, his girls

Hold up with young fair arms. O form august

Like Mainak, when as yet the hills had wings,

Moving, and the slim trees along its ridge

Flickered with vermeil shaken blooms. Just here

 

Page – 168


I'll wait him, in the pathway of his glance.

Enter Pururavas, surrounded by girl attendants

carrying torches; with him Manavaka.

 

PURURAVAS (aside)

Day passes with some pale attempt at calm,

For then work walls the mind from the fierce siege

Of ever-present passion. But how shall I

Add movement to the tardy-footed night,

The long void hours by no distraction winged?

 

LATAVYA (approaching)

Long live the King! My lady says, "The moon

Tonight in splendour on the House of Jewels

Rises like a bright face. On the clear terrace,

My husband by my side, I would await

With Rohinie, his heavenly fair delight,

The God's embracings."

 

PURURAVAS

What the Queen wills, was ever

My law, Latavya.

 

LATAVYA

So I'll tell my lady.

He goes.

PURURAVAS

Think you in very truth for her vow's sake

My lady makes this motion?

 

MANAVAKA

Rather I deem

'Tis her remorse she cloaks with holy vows,

Atoning thus for a prostration scorned.

 

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PURURAVAS

O true! the proud and loving hearts of women,

Who have their prostrate dear ones spurned, repenting

Are plagued with sweet accusing memories

Of eyes that ask forgiveness, outstretched hands,

Half-spoken words and touches on their feet

That travel to the heart. Precede me then

To the appointed terrace.

 

MANAVAKA

Look, my lord,

The crystal stairs roll upward like bright waves

On moonlit Ganges; yonder the terrace sleeps

Wide-bosomed to the cold and lovely eve.

 

PURURAVAS

Precede me; we'll ascend.

They ascend to the terrace.

 

MANAVAKA

The moon is surely

Upon the verge of rise; swiftly the east

Empties of darkness, and the horizon seems

All beautiful and brightening like a face.

 

PURURAVAS

O aptly said! Behind the peak of rise

The hidden moon, pushing black night aside,

Precedes himself with herald lustres. See!

The daughter of the imperial East puts back

The blinding tresses from her eyes, and smiles,

And takes with undimmed face my soul.

 

MANAVAKA

Hurrah!

The king of the twice-born has risen all white

And round and luscious like a ball of sugar.

 

Page – 170


PURURAVAS (smiling)

A glutton's eloquence is ever haunted

With images of the kitchen.

(bowing with folded hands)

Hail, God that rulest

The inactive night! O settler with the sun

For ritual holy, O giver to the Gods

And blessed fathers dead of nectarous wine,

O slayer of the vasty glooms of night,

Whose soul of brightness crowns the Almighty's head,

O moon, all hail! accept thy offspring's prayer.

 

MANAVAKA

Well now, your grandpapa has heard your vows;

You'll take it from a Brahmin's mouth, through whom

Even he may telepath his message. So,

That's finished. Now sit down and give me a chance

Of being comfortable.

 

PURURAVAS (sitting down, then looking at his attendants)

The moon is risen;

These torches are a vain reiteration

Of brightness. Ladies, rest.

 

ALL

Our lord commands us.

They go.

PURURAVAS

It is not long before my lady comes.

So, let me, while we yet are lonely here,

Unburden me of my love-ravaged thoughts.

 

MANAVAKA

They are visible to the blind. Take hope and courage

By thinking of her equal love.

 

Page – 171


PURURAVAS

I do;

And yet the pain within my heart is great.

For as a mighty river whose vast speed

Stumbles within a narrow pass of huge

And rugged boulders, chides his uncouth bed,

Increasing at each check, even so does love,

His joy of union stinted or deferred,

Rebel and wax a hundredfold in fire.

 

MANAVAKA

So your love-wasted limbs increase their beauty,

They are a sign you soon will clasp your love.

 

PURURAVAS

O friend, as you my longing heaviness

Comfort with hopeful words, my arm too speaks

In quick auspicious throbs.

He looks with hope up to the sky.

 

MANAVAKA

A Brahmin's word!

There enters in the air Chitralekha

with Urvasie in trysting-dress.

 

URVASIE (looking at herself)

Sister, do you not think my trysting-dress,

The dark-blue silk and the few ornaments,

Becomes me vastly? Do you not approve it?

 

CHITRALEKHA

O inexpressibly! I have no words

To praise it. This I'll say; it makes me wish

I were Pururavas.

 

URVASIE

Since Love himself

 

Page – 172


Inspires you, bring me quickly to the dwelling

Of that high beautiful face.

 

CHITRALEKHA

Look, we draw near.

Your lover's house lifts in stupendous mass,

As it were mountain Coilas, to the clouds.

 

URVASIE

Look, sister, with the eye of Gods and know

Where is that robber of my heart and what

His occupation?

 

CHITRALEKHA (aside, with a smile)

I will jest with her.

(aloud)

I see him. He, in a sweet region made

For love and joy, possesses with desire

The body and the bosom of his love.

 

URVASIE (despairingly)

Happy that woman, whosoe'er she be!

 

CHITRALEKHA

Why, sweet faint-hearted fool, in whom but thee

Should his thoughts joy?

 

URVASIE (with a sigh of relief )

Alas, my heart perverse

Will doubt.

 

CHITRALEKHA

Here on the terraced House of Gems

The King is with his friend sole-sitting. Then,

We may approach.

They descend.

 

Page – 173


PURURAVAS

O friend, the widening night

And pangs of love keep pace in their increase.

 

URVASIE

Sister, my heart is torn with apprehension

Of what his words might mean. Let us, ourselves

Invisible, hear their unfettered converse.

My fears might then have rest.

 

CHITRALEKHA

Good.

 

MANAVAKA

Take the moonbeams

Whose pregnant nectar comforts burning limbs.

 

PURURAVAS

But my affliction's not remediable

With such faint medicines. Neither smoothest flowers,

Moonlight nor sandal visiting every limb,

Nor necklaces of cool delightful pearl,

Only Heaven's nymph can perfectly expel

With bliss, or else —

 

URVASIE (clutching at her bosom with her hand)

O me! who else? who else?

 

PURURAVAS

Speech secret full of her unedge my pangs.

 

URVASIE

Heart that left me to flutter in his hands,

Now art thou for that rashness recompensed!

 

MANAVAKA

Yes, I too when I cannot get sweet venison

 

Page – 174


And hunger for it, often beguile my belly

With celebrating all its savoury joys.

 

PURURAVAS

Your belly-loves, good friend, are always with you

And ready to your gulp.

 

MANAVAKA

You too shall soon

Possess your love.

 

PURURAVAS

My friend, I have strange feeling.

 

CHITRALEKHA

Hearken, insatiable, exacting, hearken,

And be convinced!

 

MANAVAKA

What feeling?

 

PURURAVAS

This I feel,

As if this shoulder by her shoulder pressed

In the car's shock bore all my sum of being,

And all this frame besides were only weight

Cumbering the impatient earth.

 

CHITRALEKHA

Yet you delay!

 

URVASIE (suddenly approaching Pururavas)

O me! sister!

 

CHITRALEKHA

What is it now?

 

Page – 175


URVASIE

I am

Before him, and he does not care!

 

CHITRALEKHA (smiling)

O thou,

All passionate unreasoning haste! Thou hast not

Put off as yet invisibility.

 

VOICE (within)

This way, my lady.

All listen, Urvasie and Chitralekha are despondent.

 

MANAVAKA (in dismay)

Hey? The Queen is here?

Keep watch upon your tongue.

 

PURURAVAS

You first discharge

Your face of conscious guilt.

 

URVASIE

Sister, what now?

 

CHITRALEKHA

Be calm. We are unseen. This princess looks

As for a vow arrayed, nor long, if so,

Will tarry.

As she speaks, the Queen and Nipunika enter

with attendants carrying offerings.

 

AUSHINARIE

How does yonder spotted moon

Flush with new beauty, O Nipunika,

At Rohinie's embracings.

 

Page – 176


NIPUNIKA

So too with you,

Lady, my lord looks fairer than himself.

 

MANAVAKA

The Queen, my lord, looks very sweet and gracious,

Either because I know she'll give me sweetmeats

Or 'tis a sign of anger quite renounced,

And from your memory to exile her harshness

She makes her vow an instrument.

 

PURURAVAS

Good reasons both;

(smiling)

Yet to my humble judgment the poor second

Has likelier hue. For she in gracious white

Is clad and sylvanly adorned with flowers,

Her raven tresses spangled with young green

Of sacred grass. All her fair body looks

Gentle and kind, its pomp and pride renounced

For lovely meekness to her lord.

 

AUSHINARIE (approaching)

My husband!

 

ATTENDANT

Hail to our master!

 

MANAVAKA

Peace attend my lady.

 

PURURAVAS

Welcome.

He takes her hand and draws her down on a seat.

 

URVASIE

By right this lady bears the style

 

Page – 177


Of Goddess and of Empress, since no whit

Her noble majesty of fairness yields

To Heaven's Queen.

 

CHITRALEKHA

O bravely said, my sister!

'Twas worthy of a soul where jealous baseness

Ought never harbour.

 

AUSHINARIE

I have a vow, my lord,

Which at my husband's feet must be absolved.

Bear with me that I trouble you one moment.

 

PURURAVAS

No, no, it is not trouble, but a kindness.

 

MANAVAKA

The good trouble that brings me sweetmeats! often,

O often may such trouble vex my belly.

 

PURURAVAS

What vow is this you would absolve, my own?

Aushinarie looks at Nipunika.

 

NIPUNIKA

'Tis that women perform to win back kindness

In eyes of one held dear.

 

PURURAVAS

If this be so,

Vainly hast thou these tender flower-soft limbs

Afflicted with a vow's austerities,

Beloved. Thou suest for favour to thy servant,

Propitiatest who for thy propitiated

All-loving glance is hungry.

 

Page – 178


URVASIE

Greatly he loves her!

 

CHITRALEKHA

Why, silly one, whose heart is gone astraying,

Redoubles words of kindness to his wife.

Do you not know so much?

 

AUSHINARIE (smiling)

Not vain my vow,

That to such words of love has moved already

My husband.

 

MANAVAKA

Stop, my lord, a word well spoken

Is spoilt by any answer.

 

AUSHINARIE

Girls, the offering

With which I must adore this gentle moonlight

That dreams upon our terrace!

 

NIPUNIKA

Here, my lady,

Are flowers, here costly scents, all needed things.

 

AUSHINARIE

Give them to me.

She worships the moonbeams with

flowers and perfumes.

Nipunika, present

The sweetmeats of the offering to the Brahmin.

 

NIPUNIKA

I will, my lady. Noble Manavaka,

Here is for you.

 

Page – 179


MANAVAKA

Blessings attend thee. May

Thy vow bear fruit nor end.

 

AUSHINARIE

Now, dear my lord,

Pray you, draw nearer to me.

 

PURURAVAS

Behold me, love!

What must I do?

Aushinarie worships the King, then bowing

down with folded hands,

 

AUSHINARIE

I, Aushinarie, call

The divine wife and husband, Rohinie

And Mrigalanchhan named the spotted moon,

To witness here my vowed obedient love

To my dear lord. Henceforth whatever woman

My lord shall love and she desire him too,

I will embrace her and as a sister love,

Nor think of jealousy.

 

URVASIE

I know not wholly

Her drift, and yet her words have made me feel

All pure and full of noble trust.

 

CHITRALEKHA

Be confident,

Your love will prove all bliss; surely it must

When blessed and sanctioned by this pure, devoted

And noble nature.

 

MANAVAKA (aside)

When from twixt his hands

 

Page – 180


Fish leaps, cries me the disappointed fisher,

"Go, trout, I spare you. This will be put down

To my account in Heaven."

(aloud)

No more but this

You love my friend, your husband, lady?

 

AUSHINARIE

Dull fool!

I with the death of my own happiness

Would give my husband ease. From this consider

How dearly I love him.

 

PURURAVAS

Since thou hast power on me

To give me to another or to keep

Thy slave, I have no right to plead. And yet

I am not as thou thinkest me, all lost,

O thou too jealous, to thy love.

 

AUSHINARIE

My lord,

We will not talk of that. I have fulfilled

My rite, and with observance earned your kindness.

Girls, let us go.

 

PURURAVAS

Is thus my kindness earned?

I am not kind, not pleased, if now, beloved,

Thou shun and leave me.

 

AUSHINARIE

Pardon, my lord. I never

Have yet transgressed the rigour of a vow.

Exeunt Queen, Nipunika and attendants.

 

Page – 181


URVASIE

Wife-lover, uxorious is this King, and yet

I cannot lure my heart away from him.

 

CHITRALEKHA

Why, what new trick of wilful passion's this?

 

PURURAVAS (sitting down)

The Queen is not far off.

 

MANAVAKA

Never heed that,

Speak boldly. She has given you up as hopeless.

So doctors leave a patient, when disease

Defies all remedy, to his own sweet guidance.

 

PURURAVAS

O that my Urvasie —

 

URVASIE

Today might win

Her one dear wish.

 

PURURAVAS

From her invisible feet

The lovely sound of anklets on my ear

Would tinkle, or coming stealing from behind

Blind both my eyes with her soft little hands

Like two cool lotuses upon them fallen:

Or, oh, most sweet! descending on this roof

Shaken with dear delicious terrors, lingering

And hanging back, be by her sister drawn

With tender violence, faltering step by step,

Till she lay panting on my knees.

 

CHITRALEKHA

Go, sister,

 

Page – 182


And satisfy his wish.

 

URVASIE

Must I? well then,

I'll pluck up heart and play with him a little.

She becomes visible, steals behind the King and covers

his eyes with her hands. Chitralekha puts off her veil of

invisibility and makes a sign to Manavaka.

 

MANAVAKA

Now say, friend, who is this?

 

PURURAVAS

The hands of beauty.

'Tis that Narayan-born whose limbs are sweetness.

 

MANAVAKA

How can you guess?

 

PURURAVAS

What is there here to guess?

My heart tells me. The lily of the night

Needs not to guess it is the moon's cool touch.

She starts not to the sunbeam. 'Tis so with me.

No other woman could but she alone

Heal with her little hands all my sick pining.

Urvasie removes her hands and rises to her feet;

then moves a step or two away.

 

URVASIE

Conquest attend my lord!

 

PURURAVAS

Welcome, O beauty.

He draws her down beside him.

 

Page – 183


CHITRALEKHA

Happiness to my brother!

 

PURURAVAS

Here it sits

Beside me.

 

URVASIE

Because the Queen has given you to me,

Therefore I dare to take into my arms

Your body like a lover. You shall not think me

Forward.

 

MANAVAKA

What, set the sun to you on this terrace?

 

PURURAVAS

O love, if thou my body dost embrace

As seizable, a largess from my Queen,

But whose permission didst thou ask, when thou

Stolest my heart away?

 

CHITRALEKHA

Brother, she is

Abashed and has no answer. Therefore a moment

Turn to me, grant me one entreaty.

 

PURURAVAS

Speak.

 

CHITRALEKHA

When spring is vanished and the torrid heat

Thickens, I must attend the glorious Sun.

Do thou so act that this my Urvasie

Left lonely with thee, shall not miss her Heaven. 

 

Page – 184


MANAVAKA

Why, what is there in Heaven to pine for? There

You do not eat, you do not drink, only

Stare like so many fishes in a row

With wide unblinking eyes.

 

PURURAVAS

The joys of Heaven

No thought can even outline. Who then shall make

The soul forget which thence has fallen? Of this

Be sure, fair girl, Pururavas is only

Thy sister's slave: no other woman shares

That rule nor can share.

 

CHITRALEKHA

Brother, this is kind.

Be brave, my Urvasie, and let me go.

URVASIE (embracing Chitralekha, pathetically)

Chitralekha, my sister, do not forget me!

 

CHITRALEKHA (with a smile)

Of thee I should entreat that mercy, who

Hast got thy love's embrace.

She bows down to the King and goes.

 

MANAVAKA

Now nobly, sir,

Are you increased with bliss and your desire's

Accrual.

 

PURURAVAS

You say well. This is my increase;

Who felt not half so blest when I acquired

The universal sceptre of the world

And sovran footstool touched by jewelled heads

Of tributary monarchs, as today

 

Page – 185


I feel most happy who have won the right

To touch two little feet and am allowed

To be thy slave and do thy lovely bidding.

 

URVASIE

I have not words to make a sweeter answer.

 

PURURAVAS

How does the winning of one loved augment

Sweet contradictions! These are the very rays

Of moonlight burned me late, and now they soothe;

Love's wounding shafts caress the heart like flowers,

Thou being with me; all natural sights and sounds,

Once rude and hurtful, now caressing come

Softly, because of thee in my embrace.

 

URVASIE

I am to blame that I deprived my lord

So long.

 

PURURAVAS

Beloved and beautiful, not so!

For happiness arising after pain

Tastes therefore sweeter, as the shady tree

To one perplexed with heat and dust affords

A keener taste of Paradise.

 

MANAVAKA

We have courted

For a long hour the whole delightfulness

Of moonlight in the evening. It is time

To seek repose.

 

PURURAVAS

Guide therefore this fair friend

The way her feet must henceforth tread.

 

Page – 186


MANAVAKA

This way.

 

PURURAVAS

O love, I have but one wish left.

 

URVASIE

What wish, my lord?

 

PURURAVAS

When I had not embraced thee, my desire,

One night in passing seemed a hundred nights;

O now if darkness would extend my joys

To equal length of real hours with this

Sweet face upon my bosom, I were blest.

They go.

 

Page – 187