TRANSLATIONS

 

CONTENTS

 

Pre-content

 

 

Part One 

Translations from Sanskrit

 

Section ONE

The Ramayana : Pieces from the Ramayana

1. Speech of Dussaruth

2. An Aryan City

3. A Mother's Lament

4. The Wife

An Aryan City: Prose Version

The Book of the Wild Forest

The Defeat of Dhoomraksha

 

Section Two

The Mahabharata   Sabha Parva or Book of the Assembly-Hall :

Canto I: The Building of the Hall

Canto II: The Debated Sacrifice

Canto III: The Slaying of Jerasundh

Virata Parva: Fragments from Adhyaya 17

Udyoga Parva: Two Renderings of the First Adhaya

Udyoga Parva: Passages from Adhyayas 75 and 72

 

The Bhagavad Gita: The First Six Chapters

 

Appendix I: Opening of Chapter VII

Appendix II: A Later Translation of the Opening of the Gita

Vidula

 

  Section Three

Kalidasa

Vikramorvasie or The Hero and the Nymph

 

 

In the Gardens of Vidisha or Malavica and the King:

 

 

The Birth of the War-God

Stanzaic Rendering of the Opening of Canto I

Blank Verse Rendering of Canto I

Expanded Version of Canto I and Part of Canto II

 

Notes and Fragments

Skeleton Notes on the Kumarasambhavam: Canto V

The Line of Raghou: Two Renderings of the Opening

The Cloud Messenger: Fragments from a Lost Translation

 

Section Four

Bhartrihari

The Century of Life

Appendix: Prefatory Note on Bhartrihari

 

Section Five

Other Translations from Sanskrit

Opening of the Kiratarjuniya

Bhagawat: Skandha I, Adhyaya I

Bhavani (Shankaracharya)

 

 

Part Two

Translations from Bengali

 

Section One

Vaishnava Devotional Poetry

Radha's Complaint in Absence (Chundidas)

Radha's Appeal (Chundidas)

Karma: Radha's Complaint (Chundidas)

Appeal (Bidyapati)

Twenty-two Poems of Bidyapati

Selected Poems of Bidyapati

Selected Poems of Nidhou

Selected Poems of Horo Thacoor

Selected Poems of Ganodas

 

 

Section Two

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Hymn to the Mother: Bande Mataram

Anandamath: The First Thirteen Chapters

 

Appendix: A Later Version of Chapters I and II

 

 

Section Three

Chittaranjan Das

Songs of the Sea

 

 

Section Four

Disciples and Others

Hymn to India (Dwijendralal Roy)

Mother India (Dwijendralal Roy)

The Pilot (Atulprasad Sen)

Mahalakshmi (Anilbaran Roy)

The New Creator (Aruna)

Lakshmi (Dilip Kumar Roy)

Aspiration: The New Dawn (Dilip Kumar Roy)

Farewell Flute (Dilip Kumar Roy)

Uma (Dilip Kumar Roy)

Faithful (Dilip Kumar Roy)

Since thou hast called me (Sahana)

A Beauty infinite (Jyotirmayi)

At the day-end (Nirodbaran)

The King of kings (Nishikanto)

 

 

Part Three

Translations from Tamil

 

Andal

Andal: The Vaishnava Poetess

To the Cuckoo

I Dreamed a Dream

Ye Others

 

 

Nammalwar

Nammalwar: The Supreme Vaishnava Saint and Poet

Nammalwar's Hymn of the Golden Age

Love-Mad

 

 

Kulasekhara Alwar

Refuge

 

 

Tiruvalluvar

Opening of the Kural

 

 

Part Four

Translations from Greek

 

Two Epigrams

Opening of the Iliad

Opening of the Odyssey

Hexameters from Homer

 

 

Part Five

Translations from Latin

 

Hexameters from Virgil and Horace

Catullus to Lesbia

 

NOTE ON THE TEXTS

 

Act V

 

Scene. — Outside the King's tents near Pratisthana. In the background the confluence of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna.

Manavaka alone.

 

MANAVAKA

After long pleasuring with Urvasie

In Nandan and all woodlands of the Gods,

Our King's at last returned, and he has entered

His city, by the jubilant people met

With splendid greetings, and resumed his toils.

Ah, were he but a father, nothing now

Were wanting to his fullness. This high day

At confluence of great Ganges with the stream

Dark Yamuna, he and his Queen have bathed.

Just now he passed into his tent, and surely

His girls adorn him. I will go exact

My first share of the ointments and the flowers.

 

MAID (within lamenting)

O me unfortunate! the jewel is lost

Accustomed to the noble head of her

Most intimate with the bosom of the King,

His loveliest playmate. I was carrying it

In palm-leaf basket on white cloth of silk;

A vulture doubting this some piece of flesh

Swoops down and soars away with it.

 

MANAVAKA

Unfortunate!

 

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This was the Union, the crest-jewel, dear

O'er all things to the King. Look where he comes,

His dress half-worn just as he started up

On hearing of his loss. I'll go to him.

He goes.

Then Pururavas enters with his Amazons of the Bactrian

Guard and other attendants in great excitement.

 

PURURAVAS

Huntress! huntress! Where is that robber bird

That snatches his own death? He practises

His first bold pillage in the watchman's house.

 

HUNTRESS

Yonder, the golden thread within his beak!

Trailing the jewel how he wheels in air

Describing scarlet lines upon the sky!

 

PURURAVAS

I see him, dangling down the thread of gold

He wheels and dips in rapid circles vast.

The jewel like a whirling firebrand red

Goes round and round and with vermilion rings

Incarnadines the air. What shall we do

To rescue it?

 

MANAVAKA (coming up)

Why do you hesitate to slay him?

He is marked out for death, a criminal.

 

PURURAVAS

My bow! my bow!

 

AN AMAZON

I run to bring it!

She goes out.

 

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PURURAVAS

Friend,

I cannot see the bird. Where has it fled?

 

MANAVAKA

Look! to the southern far horizon wings

The carrion-eating robber.

 

PURURAVAS (turns and looks)

Yes, I see him.

He speeds with the red jewel every way

Branching and shooting light, as 'twere a cluster

Of crimson roses in the southern sky

Or ruby pendant from the lobe of Heaven.

Enter Amazon with the bow.

AMAZON

Sire, I have brought the bow and leathern guard.

 

PURURAVAS

Too late you bring it. Yon eater of raw flesh

Goes winging far beyond an arrow's range,

And the bright jewel with the distant bird

Blazes like Mars the planet glaring red

Against a wild torn piece of cloud. Who's there?

Noble Latavya!

 

LATAVYA

Highness?

 

PURURAVAS

From me command

The chief of the police, at evening, when 

Yon winged outlaw seeks his homing tree,

That he be hunted out.

 

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LATAVYA

It shall be done.

He goes out.

 

MANAVAKA

Sit down and rest. What place in all broad earth

This jewel-thief can hide in, shall elude

Your world-wide jurisdiction?

 

PURURAVAS (sitting down with Manavaka)

It was not as a gem

Of lustre that I treasured yonder stone,

Now lost in the bird's beak, but 'twas my Union

And it united me with my dear love.

 

MANAVAKA

I know it, from your own lips heard the tale.

Chamberlain enters with the jewel and an arrow.

 

LATAVYA

Behold shot through that robber! Though he fled,

Thy anger darting in pursuit has slain him.

Plumb down he fell with fluttering wings from Heaven

And dropped the jewel bright.

All look at it in surprise.

Ill fate o'ertaking

Much worse offence! My lord, shall not this gem

Be washed in water pure and given — to whom?

 

PURURAVAS

Huntress, go, see it purified in fire,

Then to its case restore it.

 

HUNTRESS

As the King wills.

She goes out with the jewel.

 

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PURURAVAS

Noble Latavya, came you not to know

The owner of this arrow?

 

LATAVYA

Letters there are

Carved on the steel; my eyes grow old and feeble,

I could not read them.

 

PURURAVAS

Therefore give me the arrow.

I will spell out the writing.

The Chamberlain gives him the arrow and he reads.

 

LATAVYA

And I will fill my office.

He goes out.

 

MANAVAKA (seeing the King lost in thought)

What do you read there?

 

PURURAVAS

Hear, Manavaka, hear

The letters of this bowman's name.

 

MANAVAKA

I'm all

Attention; read.

 

PURURAVAS

O hearken then and wonder.

(reading)

"Ayus, the smiter of his foeman's lives,

The warrior Ilian's son by Urvasie,

This arrow loosed."

 

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MANAVAKA (with satisfaction)

Hail, King! now dost thou prosper,

Who hast a son.

 

PURURAVAS

How should this be? Except

By the great ritual once, never was I

Parted from that beloved; nor have I witnessed

One sign of pregnancy. How could my Goddess

Have borne a son? True, I remember once

For certain days her paps were dark and stained,

And all her fair complexion to the hue

Of that wan creeper paled, and languid-large

Her eyes were. Nothing more.

 

MANAVAKA

Do not affect

With mortal attributes the living Gods.

For holiness is as a veil to them

Concealing their affections.

 

PURURAVAS

This is true.

But why should she conceal her motherhood?

 

MANAVAKA

Plainly, she thought, "If the King sees me old

And matron, he'll be off with some young hussy."

 

PURURAVAS

No mockery, think it over.

 

MANAVAKA

Who shall guess

The riddles of the Gods?

Enter Latavya.

 

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LATAVYA

Hail to the King!

A holy dame from Chyavan's hermitage

Leading a boy would see my lord.

 

PURURAVAS

Latavya,

Admit them instantly.

 

LATAVYA

As the King wills.

He goes out, then re-enters with Ayus

bow in hand and a hermitess.

Come, holy lady, to the King.

They approach the King.

 

MANAVAKA

How say you,

Should not this noble boy be very he,

The young and high-born archer with whose name

Was lettered yon half-moon of steel that pierced

The vulture? His features imitate my lord's.

 

PURURAVAS

It must be so. The moment that I saw him,

My eyes became a mist of tears, my spirit

Lightened with joy, and surely 'twas a father

That stirred within my bosom. O Heaven! I lose

Religious calm; shudderings surprise me; I long

To feel him with my limbs, pressed with my love.

 

LATAVYA (to the hermitess)

Here deign to stand.

 

PURURAVAS

Mother, I bow to thee.

 

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SATYAVATIE

High-natured! may thy line by thee increase!

(aside)

Lo, all untold this father knows his son.

(aloud)

My child,

Bow down to thy begetter.

Ayus bows down, folding his hands over his bow.

 

PURURAVAS

Live long, dear son.

 

AYUS (aside)

O how must children on their father's knees

Grown great be melted with a filial sweetness,

When only hearing that this is my father

I feel I love him!

 

PURURAVAS

Vouchsafe me, reverend lady,

Thy need of coming.

 

SATYAVATIE

Listen then, O King;

This Ayus at his birth was in my hand

By Urvasie, I know not why, delivered,

A dear deposit. Every perfect rite

And holiness unmaimed that princely boys

Must grow through, Chyavan's self, the mighty Sage,

Performed, and taught him letters, Scripture, arts, —

Last, every warlike science.

 

PURURAVAS

O fortunate

In such a teacher!

 

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SATYAVATIE

The children fared afield

Today for flowers, dry fuel, sacred grass,

And Ayus faring with them violated

The morals of the hermitage.

 

PURURAVAS (in alarm)

O how?

 

SATYAVATIE

A vulture with a jag of flesh was merging

Into a tree-top when the boy levelled

His arrow at the bird.

 

PURURAVAS (anxiously)

And then?

 

SATYAVATIE

And then

The holy Sage, instructed of that slaughter,

Called me and bade, "Give back thy youthful trust

Into his mother's keeping." Therefore, sir,

Let me have audience with the lady.

 

PURURAVAS

Mother,

Deign to sit down one moment.

The hermitess takes the seat brought for her.

Noble Latavya,

Let Urvasie be summoned.

 

LATAVYA

It is done.

He goes out.

 

PURURAVAS

Child of thy mother, come, O come to me!

 

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Let me feel my son! The touch of his own child,

They say, thrills all the father; let me know it.

Gladden me as the moonbeam melts the moonstone.

 

SATYAVATIE

Go, child, and gratify thy father's heart.

Ayus goes to the King and clasps his feet.

 

PURURAVAS (embracing the boy and seating him on his footstool)

 

This Brahmin is thy father's friend. Salute him,

And have no fear.

 

MANAVAKA

Why should he fear? I think

He grew up in the woods and must have seen

A mort of monkeys in the trees.

 

AYUS (smiling)

Hail, father.

 

MANAVAKA

Peace and prosperity walk with thee ever.

Latavya returns with Urvasie.

 

LATAVYA

This way, my lady.

 

URVASIE

Who is this quivered youth

Set on the footstool of the King? Himself

My monarch binds his curls into a crest!

Who should this be so highly favoured?

(seeing Satyavatie)

Ah!

Satyavatie beside him tells me; it is

My Ayus. How he has grown!

 

 

 

 

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PURURAVAS (seeing Urvasie)

O child, look up.

Lo, she who bore thee, with her whole rapt gaze

Grown mother, her veiled bosom heaving towards thee

And wet with sacred milk!

 

SATYAVATIE

Rise, son, and greet

Thy parent.

She goes with the boy to Urvasie.

 

URVASIE

I touch thy feet.

 

SATYAVATIE

Ever be near

Thy husband's heart.

 

AYUS

Mother, I bow to thee.

 

URVASIE

Child, be thy sire's delight. My lord and husband!

 

PURURAVAS

O welcome to the mother! sit thee here.

He makes her sit beside him.

 

SATYAVATIE

My daughter, lo, thine Ayus. He has learned

All lore, heroic armour now can wear.

I yield thee back before thy husband's eyes

Thy sacred trust. Discharge me. Each idle moment

Is a religious duty left undone.

 

URVASIE

It is so long since I beheld you, mother,

 

Page – 215


I have not satisfied my thirst of you,

And cannot let you go. And yet 'twere wrong

To keep you. Therefore go for further meeting.

 

PURURAVAS

Say to the Sage, I fall down at his feet.

 

SATYAVATIE

'Tis well.

 

AYUS

Are you going to the forest, mother?

Will you not take me with you?

 

PURURAVAS

Over, son,

Thy studies in the woods. Thou must be now

A man, know the great world.

 

SATYAVATIE

Child, hear thy father.

 

AYUS

Then, mother, let me have when he has got

His plumes, my little peacock, Jewel-crest,

Who'ld sleep upon my lap and let me stroke

His crest and pet him.

 

SATYAVATIE

Surely, I will send him.

 

URVASIE

Mother, I touch thy feet.

 

PURURAVAS

I bow to thee,

Mother.

 

Page – 216


SATYAVATIE

Peace be upon you both, my children.

She goes.

 

PURURAVAS

O blessed lady! Now am I grown through thee

A glorious father in this boy, our son;

Not Indra, hurler down of cities, more

In his Jayanta of Paulomie born.

Urvasie weeps.

 

MANAVAKA

Why is my lady suddenly all tears?

 

PURURAVAS

My own beloved! How art thou full of tears

While I am swayed with the great joy of princes

Who see their line secured? Why do these drops

On these high peaks of beauty raining down,

O sad sweet prodigal, turn thy bright necklace

To repetition vain of costlier pearls?

He wipes the tears from her eyes.

 

URVASIE

Alas, my lord! I had forgot my doom

In a mother's joy. But now thy utterance

Of that great name of Indra brings to me

Cruel remembrance torturing the heart

Of my sad limit.

 

PURURAVAS

Tell me, my love, what limit.

 

URVASIE

O King, my heart held captive in thy hands,

I stood bewildered by the curse; then Indra

Uttered his high command: "When my great soldier,

 

Page – 217


Earth's monarch, sees the face that keeps his line

Made in thy womb, to Eden thou returnest."

So when I knew my issue, sick with the terror

Of being torn from thee, all hidden haste,

I gave to noble Satyavatie the child,

In Chyavan's forest to be trained. Today

This my beloved son returns to me;

No doubt she thought that he was grown and able

To gratify his father's heart. This then

Is the last hour of that sweet life with thee,

Which goes not farther.

Pururavas swoons.

 

MANAVAKA

Help, help!

 

URVASIE

Return to me, my King!

 

PURURAVAS (reviving)

O love, how jealous are the Gods in Heaven

Of human gladness! I was comforted

With getting of a son, — at once this blow!

O small sweet waist, I am divorced from thee!

So has a poplar from one equal cloud

Received the shower that cooled and fire of Heaven

That kills it.

 

MANAVAKA

O sudden evil out of good!

For I suppose you now will don the bark

And live with hermit trees.

 

URVASIE

I too unhappy!

For now my King who sees that I no sooner

Behold my son reared up than to my heavens

 

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I soar, will think that I have all my need

And go with glad heart from his side.

 

PURURAVAS

Beloved,

Do not believe it. How can one be free

To do his will who's subject to a master?

He when he's bid, must cast his heart aside

And dwell in exile from the face he loves.

Therefore obey King Indra. On this thy son

I too my kingdom will repose and dwell

In forests where the antlered peoples roam.

 

AYUS

My father should not on an untrained steer

Impose the yoke that asks a neck of iron.

 

PURURAVAS

Child, say not so! The ichorous elephant

Not yet full-grown tames all the trumpetings

Of older rivals; and the young snake's tooth

With energy of virulent poison stored

Strikes deadly. So is it with the ruler born:

His boyish hand inarms the sceptred world.

The force that rises with its task springs not

From years, but is a self and inborn greatness.

Therefore, Latavya!

 

LATAVYA

 

PURURAVAS

Direct from me the council to make ready

The coronation of my son.

 

LATAVYA (sorrowfully)

It is

 

Page – 219


Your will, sire.

He goes out. Suddenly all act as if dazzled.

 

PURURAVAS

What lightning leaps from cloudless heavens?

 

URVASIE (gazing up)

'Tis the Lord Narad.

 

PURURAVAS

Narad? Yes, 'tis he.

His hair is matted all a tawny yellow

Like ochre-streaks, his holy thread is white

And brilliant like a digit of the moon.

He looks as if the faery-tree of Heaven

Came moving, shooting twigs all gold, and twinkling

Pearl splendours for its leaves, its tendrils pearl.

Guest-offering for the Sage!

Narad enters: all rise to greet him.

 

URVASIE

Here is guest-offering.

 

NARAD

Hail, the great guardian of the middle world!

 

PURURAVAS

Greeting, Lord Narad.

 

URVASIE

Lord, I bow to thee.

 

NARAD

Unsundered live in sweetness conjugal.

 

PURURAVAS (aside)

O that it might be so!

 

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(aloud to Ayus)

Child, greet the Sage.

 

AYUS

Urvaseian Ayus bows down to thee.

 

NARAD

Live long, be prosperous.

 

PURURAVAS

Deign to take this seat.

Narad sits, after which all take their seats.

What brings the holy Narad?

 

NARAD

Hear the message

Of mighty Indra.

 

PURURAVAS

I listen.

 

NARAD

Maghavan,

Whose soul can see across the world, to thee

Intending loneliness in woods —

 

PURURAVAS

Command me.

 

NARAD

The seers to whom the present, past and future

Are three wide-open pictures, these divulge

Advent of battle and the near uprise

Of Titans warring against Gods. Heaven needs

Thee, her great soldier; thou shouldst not lay down

Thy warlike arms. All thy allotted days

This Urvasie is given thee for wife

 

Page – 221


And lovely helpmeet.

 

URVASIE

Oh, a sword is taken

Out of my heart.

 

PURURAVAS

In all I am Indra's servant.

 

NARAD

'Tis fitting. Thou for Indra, he for thee,

With interchange of lordly offices.

So sun illumes the fire, fire the great sun

Ekes out with heat and puissance.

He looks up into the sky.

Rambha, descend

And with thee bring the high investiture

Heaven's King has furnished to crown Ayus, heir

Of great Pururavas.

Apsaras enter with the articles of investiture.

 

NYMPHS

Lo! Holiness,

That store!

 

NARAD

Set down the boy upon the chair

Of the anointing.

 

RAMBHA

Come to me, my child.

She seats the boy.

 

NARAD (pouring the cruse of holy oil on the boy's head)

Complete the ritual.

 

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RAMBHA (after so doing)

Bow before the Sage,

My child, and touch thy parents' feet.

Ayus obeys.

 

NARAD

Be happy.

 

PURURAVAS

Son, be a hero and thy line's upholder.

 

URVASIE

Son, please thy father.

 

BARDS (within)

Victory to Empire's heir.

 

Strophe

First the immortal seer of Brahma's kind

And had the soul of Brahma; Atri's then

The Moon his child; and from the Moon again

Sprang Budha-Hermes, moonlike was his mind.

Pururavas was Budha's son and had

Like starry brightness. Be in thee displayed

Thy father's kindly gifts. All things that bless

Mortals, descend in thy surpassing race.

 

Antistrophe

Thy father like Himaloy highest stands

Of all the high, but thou all steadfast be,

Unchangeable and grandiose like the sea,

Fearless, surrounding Earth with godlike hands.

Let Empire by division brighter shine;

For so the sacred Ganges snow and pine

Favours, yet the same waters she divides

To Ocean and his vast and heaving tides.

 

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NYMPHS (approaching Urvasie)

O thou art blest, our sister, in thy son

Crowned heir to Empire, in thy husband blest

From whom thou shalt not part.

 

URVASIE

My happiness

Is common to you all, sweet sisters: such

Our love was always.

She takes Ayus by the hand.

Come with me, dear child,

To fall down at thy elder mother's feet.

 

PURURAVAS

Stay yet; we all attend you to the Queen.

 

NARAD

Thy son's great coronation mindeth me

Of yet another proud investiture, —

Kartikeya crowned by Maghavan, to lead

Heaven's armies.

 

PURURAVAS

Highly has the King of Heaven

Favoured him, Narad; how should he not be

Most great and fortunate?

 

NARAD

What more shall Indra do

For King Pururavas?

 

PURURAVAS

Heaven's King being pleased,

What further can I need? Yet this I'll ask.

He comes forward and speaks towards the audience.

Learning and Fortune, Goddesses that stand

In endless opposition, dwellers rare

 

Page – 224


Under one roof, in kindly union join

To bless for glory and for ease the good.

This too; may every man find his own good,

And every man be merry of his mind,

And all men in all lands taste all desire.

 

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